Michaelsne Family Library On COMPARATIVE STUDY IN TRADITION CHINESE MEDICINE 中医西医诊断与治疗综合

欢迎您作为我的好朋友到这里一起学会医学!!!! 欢迎您作为我的好朋友到这里一起学会医学!!!!!

EDUCATION SHOULD BE FREE but THE COST IS INDIVIDUAL LIFE INTEREST.
=========================================== Note:This blog is interrelated to 包括:
[1]]http://healingMICHAELsne.blogspot.com
[2]http://healthMICHAELsne.blogspot.com
[3]灵魂和精神生命谈论 http://creatormichaelsne.blogspot.com/ 精神および精神の生命述べていること
[4]biochemvideo-michaelsne.blogspot.com/ [5]medicvideooutreach-michaelsne.blogspot.com/
REFERENCE BOOKS参考资料:
(1)[THE FREE DICTIONARY ]:
same version in different language translation: Spanish Dictionary//German Dictionary//French Dictionary//Italian Dictionary//Chinese Dictionary (S)//Portuguese Dictionary//Dutch Dictionary// Norwegian Dictionary//Greek Dictionary// Russian Dictionary//
(2)[ENGLISH-CHINESE Medical Term Dictionary]:
[Drugs] -[Medical specialties] -[Medical facilities ]-[Chemical elements]
(3)MedTerms Medical Dictionary Search by Letter --[SearchMedTerms] (4)FAST HEALTH SERIES:
[FAST-HEALTH Encyclopedia] ---[Medical Dictionary]
[Medical Journal] --[Medical Diet Sites]
(5)生理，医学，中医，人体 , 治疗学, 养生, 求医网,中医学
(6)Chinese herbs, 老中医在线,民间中医网, HERBS BOTANICAL NAME IN MANDRIN PIN YIN
(7).名中医集 (8)中医颜面望诊图释-面诊部位详解
(9)39健康网(10)大纪元网(11) 百病自测
(12)中医教材 , 中医著作, 实用手册, 西医备考 妙方精选,
(13)《伤寒六书》

我是一位退休医疗人员，我希望與世界的人民分享我的35年醫療经验o 因此在我這些網站我介紹和供應給大家一套全备中西医療材料包括錄影o适用于大學医生和學生。目的是促進大家學習，實踐并且研究。歡迎您經常使用! 挽救生命,开发中西医療和發展优秀中医治用文化。 是我們最高尚的義務使命。書簽! 告诉您的朋友，老師，講師，科學家，父母和医生o 我設定了以下網站：給大家每日保持健康和病症參考用途。 我的健康網站。http://healthmichaelsne.blogspot.com/ 生化網站http://biochemvideo-michaelsne.blogspot.com/ 血液和心臟系統錄影網站 . http://cardiacvascular-michaelsne.blogspot.com/ 呼吸系統錄影網站 . http://pulmonaryvideo-michaelsne.blogspot.com/ 消化系統錄影網站 . http://digestionvideo-michaelsne.blogspot.com/ 尿和性系統錄影網站http://urigenitialvideo-michaelsne.blogspot.com/ 細胞組織學錄影網站http://histologyvideo-michaelsne.blogspot.com/ 病理學研究錄影網站 . http://pathologyvideo-michaelsne.blogspot.com/ 醫治用的網站。http://healingmichaelsne.blogspot.com/ 西醫醫治學錄影 . http://medicvideooutreach-michaelsne.blogspot.com/

TCM-michaelSNE. The Ancient Chinese Health Wisdom

我是一位退休医疗人员，我希望與世界的人民分享我的35年醫療经验o 因此在我這些網站我介紹和供應給大家一套全备中西医療材料包括錄影o目的是促進大家學習，實踐并且研究。适用于大學医生和學生o歡迎您經常使用! 挽救生命,开发综合治疗和發展中医 這是我們最高尚的義務使命o谢谢在一起收集珍贵的友谊和知识o

Saturday, May 2, 2009

猪热流病 Swine flu H1N1:Formula of six Chinese herbs and one western herb for Anti-viral.


专家纷纷支招抗流感
　　广州中医药大学一附院中药预防处开的抗流感方。桑叶12克、菊花12克、北杏仁10克、枇杷叶12克、葛根15克、生薏仁15克、芦根15克、桔梗12克、连翘12克、大青叶15克、银花12克、甘草6克，上述中药材洗干净，用水浸过药面，武火煮沸15分钟就可以服用。
　　深圳中医院专家也为防甲型H1N1流感支招，开出了抗甲型H1N1流感汤配方，记者看到此处方：桑叶12克、菊花12克、北杏仁10克、枇杷叶12克、葛根15克、生薏仁15克、芦根15克、桔梗12克、连翘12克、大青叶15克、银花12克、甘草6克(如果只是预防则去掉杏仁和桔梗)。
　　两方所用药材一致，只有部分的药材增减稍有变化。
　　记者了解到，一些专家还针对不同症状的人群开不同的处方，针对体质壮实或平素烟酒过度的人群，药物组成：葛根15克、黄芩10克、藿香10克、生薏仁10克、生甘草5克。功效：清热化湿，透表达邪。用法：水煎服，每日1剂，连服3日。小儿酌减。针对体质虚弱或自汗易感冒的人群，可用黄芪20克、防风10克、白术10克、银花10克、生甘草5克。功效：寓清于补，防止苦寒伤中，并借宣发之品，振奋卫阳，抵御外邪。用法：水煎服，每日1剂，连服3日，小儿酌减，孕妇、脾胃虚寒者遵医嘱。
本文来自:求医网.
利用寒温统一理论辨治猪高热病.您可以登录: xxx
CM NEWS - 猪热流病 Swine flu outbreak has scared the world recently, with death toll reaching 100 and counting. While scientists are racing to understand the flu and in full effort to formulate a new vaccine against it, the only things ordinary folks like us can do is to keep ourselves healthy and strong to guard off infection. In traditional Asian medicine, a decoction called Ma Huang Tang ( Click=>麻黃湯) in Chinese or Mao-to in Japanese.
http://chinesemedicinenews.com/2009/04/28/common-herb-has-flavonoids-that/
Ma Huang Tang (麻黃湯) in Chinese or Mao-to in Japanese.
NaturalNews) The Heat Clearing Class of herbs is definitely not at all a Tonic Class but a true medicinal energy and direct healing classification of herbs. This Classification of herbs (as taught in the Shanghai College Of Traditional Chinese Medicine) has 5 sub classes -- see Chinese herb classification chart here: (http://plantcur.startlogic.com//Chi...) . Most of these powerful Anti Viral herbs mentioned in this article are from the "Heat Clearing – Detoxifying" and "Heat Clearing – Blood Cooling" sub classes.
In ancient times there was certainly no microscopic knowledge of germs and not even a scientific understanding of infections. There was, however an understanding of heat (Fever) and "toxins" (What ever they were) in the blood. What is so very interesting is the discovery of actual powerful germ killing, viral destroying actions that these herbs were later proven by science to have possessed.
There is a formula of six Chinese herbs and one western herb for Anti-viral use that I, as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Clinical Herbalist, have had extremely good success with. This is the most powerful "across the board" anti viral formula I have ever seen or used. It is also effective against a broad range of germs and bacterial infections.
The Chinese herbs in this formula are:
* Ban Zhi Lian (Chinese Barbed Skullcap - whole plant)
* Xia Ku Cao (Chinese Prunella Vulgaris - Flower Spikes)
* Da Qing Ye (Isatas or Chinese "Woad" leaves)
* Mu Dan Pi. (Root bark of the Mountain Tree Peony)
* Jin Qian Cao (Chinese Coin Grass),
There is also a small amount of Gan Cao (Chinese Licorice Root) added to make the herbs work together better as a unit and to extend the length of their action.
The final herb used is not Chinese at all but the root of a Western Rocky Mountain plant called "Osha" (Ligusticum porteri).
Anyone with knowledge of Chinese herbs and of tincturing them can make this formula. The herbs are all used in equal parts except for Gan Cao (Chinese Licorice) which is about ¼ of a part (adding each together from separately tinctured herbal liquids). I must warn you; this tastes quite bad and is very bitter so I always recommend a glass of water or juice as a chaser! The dose can be a teaspoon to up to a tablespoon 2-3 times a day when working on first signs of an acute infection.
Let's take a look at these herbs one by one.
Ban Zhi Lian:
A True Heat Clearing herb, this Barbed Skullcap is now used in many modern Chinese formulas against cancer. The western use of Skullcaps are thought of mostly as a Nerve Relaxing herb (Which it does do a very good job at) but many people have failed to note it's knick-name often found next to it in many American herbals, "Mad Dog Weed". This is because of an early American success (Early 1800s - Dr. Van Derver) with it being used against the Rabies Virus in both animals and man, (http://www.henriettesherbal.com/ecl...) .
It turns out that most any of the many varieties of Skullcap around the world have a strong Anti-viral action. It also lowers fever quite effectively and can bring down seriously high blood pressure very quickly (in high doses).
Xia Ku Cao:
This Chinese Prunella Vulgaris is much more potent than it's American cousin (the flower spikes are 5-6 times longer for one thing). This is a strong heat clearing herb used to relieve fevers, headache, and high blood pressure. It is known for being highly effective in liver problems associated with jaundice and has been shown to work well against many forms of herpes.
Da Qing Ye:
This extremely powerful Heat Clearing herb is perhaps the most directly anti-viral (in the western way of thought) of the Chinese herbs. It was one of the first herbs to be used for removing "toxins of the blood" which was very close to an understanding of "germ theory" only 2,000 years earlier! Even the Traditional Chinese Teachings say its main indications are: "Epidemic febrile diseases with heat invading the blood". This herb has an extremely cold energy and a very bitter taste. Da Qing Ye is extremely fast acting and seems to help activate other herbs in formulas that contain it.
Mu Dan Pi:
This Heat Clearing root bark is also associated with epidemic febrile diseases of the blood and is now shown to be effective against a broad range of germs by modern science (as if we ever needed modern science). The part that science may never grasp is that the Yin and Yang energies of the body are often affected in diseases and this must be addressed. It is within these energies that herbal TCM works -- I just don't think they well ever get it.
In the case of Mu Dan Pi, this herb is most effective when the yin is damaged (noted by heavy night-time fever). This herb is also often used in normalizing Menstruation as its over all effect on the blood is very profound.
Jin Can Cao
This herb is not classified as a Heat Clearing herb but as a diuretic or "Herbs for Excreting Dampness". It is almost miraculous in its ability to remove and break up both urinary stones and gall stones. Its ability to remove large solids is a reflection of what it can remove on a microscopic scale as well. Although not fully understood how it works at this, it has been shown to relieve jaundice and normalize many liver conditions, especially those that are associated with viruses, including hepatitis C.
Osha:
The last major anti-viral herb in this formula is the American Osha Root. This is heat clearing but accomplished with heat itself through sweating. I, myself, was cured of a terrible reoccurring viral pneumonia with this herb and it was in fact the healing from this herb that caused me to make the decision to become an herbalist.
It is noted in a few old medical books (The ones that weren't burned) that many of the Arapaho Indians kept alive and well during the 1918 Flu Epidemic with the use of this herb and that they had cured quit a few white folks with it as well. You can bet the AMA did not want to hear that!
This "Viral Defense" formula
(http://plantcures.com/herbsforherpe...) is a real life saving treasure for anyone's medicine cabinet especially during a Flu epidemic. It is also one example of a great alternative to any of the new "Designer Viruses" with their "accompanying vaccinations". I would never fear any "Avian Flu" or anything else they would try to throw at us as long as I had this formula on hand.
Remember, this is not a "tonic" formula to boost the Immune system and protect you from what ever may come your way. There are other great things for that such as Reishi Mushroom and Huang Qi extract.
(http://plantcures.com/herbsforimmun...) .
"Viral Defense" is not to be taken daily on a tonic basis but only during the first signs of infection, when visiting someone with a very contagious disease, or to use semi-long term (2-3 months at a time) on a chronic infection. This is something to keep on hand to take at the first sign of a viral flu or illness coming on. It will almost always "knock it out" over-night if caught early. Also many people have had great success with it against Shingles, Hepatitis C, and such things as Genital Herpes and even a few extreme life threatening viruses. I have watched this formula completely cure the "Croup" in children and adults in 24 hours or less! This is indeed the perfect example of a very powerful extremely effective Chinese/Western herbal medicine.
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Diagnosis Methods in TCM

The human body is an organic entity, so local pathological changes may affect the whole body. Moreover, the pathological changes of the internal organs may reflect on the body surface. Diagnostic methods in traditional Chinese medicine include four basic methods: inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry and palpation. The case history, symptoms, and signs gained through those four diagnostic methods are analyzed and generalized to find the causes, nature, and interrelations of the disease, and to provide evidence for the further differentiation of syndromes. The four diagnostic methods are therefore indispensable and important steps in the differentiation and treatment of syndromes. More about Inspection and Auscultation and Olfaction. Therapeutic Principles Therapeutic principles are the basis for guiding clinical practice. They include biao (branch) and ben (root), that is, the principle of treating a disease by analyzing both its root cause and symptoms. Thus, factors such as climatic and seasonal conditions, geographic localities, and the patient's personal conditions must be considered in treatment, along with strengthening the zheng qi (the patient's body resistance or anti-pathogenic factors) and dispelling the xie qi (pathogenic factors). 1. The Principle of Biao and Ben Biao and ben are contrasting concepts used to indicate the primary and secondary relationships of contradictory sides in various kinds of diseases and syndromes. For example, body resistance (or anti-pathogenic factors) are considered ben (root) while pathogenic factors are biao (branch); etiology is ben, symptoms is biao; primary disease in ben, secondary disease is biao; pathological changes of internal organs are ben, body surface is biao, etc. The principle of biao and ben is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat the symptoms at the acute stage and to treat the root of disease at the chronic stage. If biao and ben have the same severity, treatment should then be applies to both ben (root cause) and biao (symptoms). 2. Strengthening the Zheng Qi and Dispelling Xie Qi. Zheng qi is the ability of body resistance against disease. Xie qi are the pathogenic factors. Strengthening the zheng qi and dispelling xie qi are two differing therapeutic principles. Generally, strengthening the zheng qi is used where body resistance is weak and pathogenic factors are not strong; dispelling xie qi is applied to cases which have excessive pathogenic factors, and also an unweakened body resistance. First, strengthening zheng qi and then dispelling xie qi is used in cases where the zheng qi and xie qi are not weakened. The simultaneous strengthening of zheng qi and dispelling of xie qi is applied in cases of weak body resistance where pathogenic factors are in excess. When this principle is employed, one must differentiate between what is primary and what is secondary. In strengthening zheng qi, allow for unforeseen pathogenic factors, and when dispelling pathogenic factors, do not influence the body resistance. It is necessary to make the principles of "strengthening body resistance" and "dispelling pathogenic factors" complement each other. 3. Principle of Treatment Based on Climatic and Seasonal Conditions, Geographic Localities, and Patient's Personal Conditions Disease is the outcome of the struggle between body resistance and pathogenic factors. Therefore, in the treatment of a disease certain factors and conditions should be considered, that is, time (seasonal and climatic conditions), place (geographical location and environment), and personal characteristics (living customs, age, sex, and body constitution). In the clinical application of medicinal herbs these factors are also very important. This is an important therapeutic principle guiding clinical practice in traditional Chinese medicine. Examples follow: In summer, the surface pores on the body are open or loose, while in winter they are closed and tight. If the body is affected by the same exogenous pathogenic wind and cold both in summer and winter then pungent drugs having a warming property of relieving exterior syndromes should not be administrated in summer, but should be used in large dosage in winter. Because summer is humid, the pathogenic factors which cause diseases in this season always mix with damp. Therefore, medicinal herbs used for summer diseases should be combines with herbs having properties of dissolving or removing damp. The weather in mountainous regions and on plateaus is dry and cold, medicinal herbs having cold, cool, bitter, or dry properties should not be prescribed in large doses. White the climate in low-lying country is warm and humid, so drugs having cool and damp dissolving properties can also be used in large dosages. Children have a body constitution of young and tender yang, for which qi and blood are not yet abundant, and a flourishing vitality. The vitality of aged people, however, is declining and qi and blood are insufficient. Therefore both children and elderly patients should not be prescribed drugs having strong properties, nor be given large dosages. Obese patients are liable to have diseases caused by internal pathogenic damp, so drugs with cool, moist properties must not be given. Most this patients are suffering from illness due to pathogenic fire, thus medicinal herbs with warm dry properties are not suitable. The same disease, but with different sexes, different physiological characteristics, and different body constitutions should be treated accordingly. Chinese medical theory, as a product of traditional Chinese culture, reflects an extraordinary sensitivity toward Nature. Throughout the world, traditional Chinese medicine is praised for its holistic attitude in the understanding and curing of disease. With a 2,000-year written tradition, Chinese medical culture has accumulated an impressive body of theoretical and practical experience

TCM Basic Fundamental Knowledge; Medication Reference;Side-Effect And Toxicity Quides.中醫

To be a good chinese physician it take years of experience to grasp and apply the knowledge effectively on diseases through careful observation of the many signs and symptoms and prepare "logically" the RIGHT COMBINATION of herbs ,based on the established DIGNOSIS PRINCIPLE and HERB FORMULAE. He is required to aquire a good knowledge of HERB CLASSIFICATION and HERB NATURE,in addition to right analysis/conclusion and thorough inspection/understanding the condition/state of patient to be treated. It's really an art which is NOT easy! A chinese physician need to do a lot of study also, including case study from published jourmals on reasearch and treatment ,to upgrade the knowlege in the interpretation of disease,and concord the appropriate herb formula. 八綱在辨證上，有陰、陽、表、裡、寒 、熱、虛、實。 但八綱中又以陰陽作為 總綱的。 在臨床辨證中，首先要分清陰陽，才能 抓住疾病的本質，做到摯簡馭繁。 陰陽大者可以概括整個病情是屬陽證、 屬陰證，小者可以分析四診中一個具體 脈症. 色澤的陰陽： 從色澤的明暗，可以辨別病情的淺輕深重及陰陽屬性， 色澤鮮明為病在陽分，其病輕淺； 色澤晦暗為病在陰分，其病深重 觀察呼吸氣息的動態，聽其發出的聲音，可以區別病情的寒熱虛實及陰陽屬性。 語聲高亢宏亮，多言而躁動者，屬實，屬熱，為陽； 語聲低微無力，少言而沉靜者，屬虛，屬寒，為陰。 呼吸微弱，聲低氣怯，多屬虛寒； 呼吸有力，聲高氣粗，多屬實熱。 病情分陰陽： 如發熱，口渴，便秘，脈數等為陽； 惡寒，口不渴，便溏，脈遲為陰。 脈象分陰陽： 以部位分，則寸為陽，尺為陰； 以動態分，則至（起）者為陽，去（伏）者為陰； 以至數分，則數者為陽，遲者為陰； 以脈象分，則浮大洪滑為陽，沉澀細小為陰。方劑的分類方法很多， 有七方說、十劑說、按病證分，按臟腑分，按治法分等。 七方說：大、小、緩、急、奇、偶、複。 十劑說：宣、通、補、泄、輕、重、澀、滑、燥、濕。 湯劑：藥物配齊後，用水或黃酒，或水酒各半浸透後， 　　　煎煮一定時間，去渣取汁，稱為湯劑。 丸劑：將藥物碾成細末，用蜜、水、或米、麵糊為丸。 散劑：將藥物研碎，成為均勻混合的乾燥粉末，有內服外用兩種。 膏劑：藥物用水或植物油煎熬濃縮而成的劑型。 丹劑：沒有固定劑型，內服與外用兩種。 酒劑：藥酒，古稱酒醴。 藥露；新鮮含揮發性成分的藥物，放在水中加熱蒸餾，所收集的蒸餾液。 錠劑：藥物研成細末，單獨或加適當的糊粉、 　　　蜂蜜與賦型劑混合後製成不同形狀的一種固體製劑。 條劑：紙捻。 線劑：絲線或棉線泡於藥液中同煮，乾燥而得之外用劑型。 熏劑：火熏、水熏兩種。 片劑：將中藥加工或提煉後與輔料混合，壓製成圓片狀劑型。 針劑：注射劑。 沖服劑。 四氣五味，就是藥物的性味，代表藥物的藥性和滋味兩個方面。 其中的〝性〞又稱為〝氣〞，是古代通用、沿襲至今的名詞， 所以四氣也就是四性。性和味的作用，既有區別，又有聯繫. 四氣，就是寒、熱、溫、涼四種藥性。 寒涼和溫熱是對立的兩種藥性； 寒和涼之間、熱和溫之間，是程度上的不同，也就是說藥性相同， 但在程度上有差別，溫次於熱、涼次於寒。 藥性的寒、熱、溫、涼，是藥物作用於人體發生的反應歸納出來的， 中草藥的藥性，通過長時期的臨床實踐，絕大多數已為人們所掌握， 如果我們熟悉了各種藥物的藥性，就可以根據： 《療寒以熱藥、療熱以寒藥》和《熱者寒之、寒者熱之》的治療原則 寒涼藥，大多具有清熱、瀉火、解毒等作用，常用來治療熱性病症。 溫熱藥，大多具有溫中、助陽、散寒等作用，常用來治療寒性病症。 此外，還有一些藥物的藥性較為平和，稱為〝平〞性。由於平性藥沒有寒涼藥或溫熱藥的作用來得顯著， 所以在實際上雖有寒、熱、溫、涼、平正氣，而一般仍稱為四氣。五味，就是辛、甘、酸、苦、鹹五種不同的滋味。 它主要是由味覺器官辨別出來的，或是根據臨床治療中反映出來的效果而確 定的。 各種滋味的作用如下： 多食辛，則筋急而爪枯有發散、行氣或潤養等作用。一般發汗的藥物與行氣的藥物，大多數有辛味； 某些補養的藥物，也有辛味。 多食甘，則骨痛而髮落。 有滋補、和中或緩急的作用。一般滋補性的藥物及調和藥性的藥物，大多數有甘味。 多食酸，則肉胝而唇揭。 有收斂、固澀等作用。一般帶有酸味的藥物，大都具有止汗、止渴等作用。 多食苦，則皮槁而毛拔。 有瀉火、燥濕、通泄、下降等作用。一般具有清熱、燥濕、瀉下和降逆作用的藥物，大多數有苦味。 多食鹹，則脈凝泣而變色。 有軟堅、散結或瀉下等作用。一般能消散結塊的藥物和一部分瀉下通便的藥物，帶有鹹味 藥性： 凡味屬辛甘、性屬溫熱的藥物，大都為升浮藥； 凡味屬苦、酸、鹹，性屬寒涼的藥物，大都為沉降藥， 因此有《酸鹹無升、辛甘無降、寒無浮散、熱無沉降》的說法。 浮沉，就是藥物作用於人體的四種趨向。 意義如下： 升　是上升、升提的意思，指能治病勢下陷的藥。 降　是下降、降逆的意思，指能治病勢上逆的藥。 浮　是輕浮、上行發散的意思，指能治病位在表的藥。 沉　是重沉、下行泄利的意思，指能治病位在裡的藥。 凡升浮的藥物，都能上行、向外；有升陽、發表、散寒、催吐等作用。 降的藥物，都能下行、向裡；有清熱、瀉下、利水、收斂、平喘、止 呃等作用。 升降浮沉，既是四種不同藥性，同時在臨床上又作為用藥的原則，這是它 的重要意義。因為人體發生病變的部位有上、下、表、裡的不同，病勢有 上逆和下陷的差別，在治療上就需要針對病情，選用藥物。病勢上逆者， 宜降不宜升；病勢下陷者，宜升不宜降；病位在表者，宜發表而不宜收斂 ；病位在裡者，宜清熱、瀉下或溫裡、利水等沉降藥，不宜用解表藥等。 升降浮沉，也是對藥性認識的一種歸納方法，並且在應用上和藥物的歸經 有密切聯繫。升降浮沉的藥性，一般來說和藥物的性味、質地有一定關係 ========================================= 藥物 凡花、葉以及質輕的藥物，大都為升浮藥； 凡種子、果實、礦石以及質重的藥物，大都為沉降藥。 藥但是，上述情況又並不是絕對的，還必須從各種藥物的功效特點來考慮。 在性味和質地方面，藥物的升降浮沉也是如此，此外，通過藥物的炮制， 也能使升降浮沉有所轉化。 (Please enable your browser to read traditional Chinese (BIG5).) The Eight Outlines 八綱辨證： yin and yang,/ external and internal/, hot and cold,/ weak and strong. 陰陽，/表裡/，寒熱/，虛實。 There are four diagnostic methods, namely, inspection, listening and smelling, inquiring and palpation.[Based on Yin-Yan]. Four diagnostic methods are the four approaches to understand the pathological conditions. As human body is an organic entity, its regional pathological changes may affect the whole body, and the pathological changes of the internal organs may manifest themselves on the body surface. By making analysis and synthesis of the pathological conditions formed by applying the four diagnostic methods, the doctor, therefore, can determine the causative factors and nature of the disease, thus providing basis for further differentiation and treatment. Four clinical diagnostics 四診 Yin Syndromes 陰證 Inspection 望 Pale or dark complexion, tiredness and likes to lie down, lack of strength, does not like physical activities, fat slippery tongue with oily look. 面色蒼白或暗淡，身重捲臥，倦怠無力，萎靡不振，舌質淡而胖膩，舌苔潤滑 Listening and Smelling 聞 Voice is weak, quiet and dislikes talking, weak breathing, short of breath. 語聲低微，靜而少言，呼吸祛弱，氣短。 Inquiring 問 Foul smelling feces, lack of appetite, uneasiness and not thirsty, or prefers warm beverages, urination is long and clear or short of urine. 大便氣腥臭，飲食減少，口中無味，不煩不渴，或喜熱飲，小便清長或短少 Palpation 切 Stomach is painful and likes to be pressed, body and feet are cold, pulse is deep, thin, slow and weak. 腹痛喜按，身寒足冷，脈象沉微細澀弱遲無力 External 表 Internal 裏 Location of Illness skin and hair, muscle and meridians 皮毛，肌肉，經脈 zang fu, blood vessels, and bone marrow 五臟六腑，血脈，骨髓 Cold Syndromes 寒證 Hot Syndromes 熱證 Warm and Cold Preferences/寒熱喜惡 Prefers warm and dislikes cold/惡寒喜熱 Prefers cold and dislikes warm/惡熱喜寒 Thirst口渴/ not thirsty不渴 thirsty and likes cold drink渴喜冷飲 color of face面色: pale白/red or pink/紅赤 limbs四肢:cold冷,hot熱 feces大便:loose 稀溏 rigid秘結 urine小便 :light color and long duration清長 dark and short duration短赤 tongue舌象=pale and with white coating 舌淡，苔白潤 red and with yellow coating 舌紅，苔黃 Weak (deficient) Syndromes (xu zheng) 虛證 Strong Syndromes (shi zheng) 實證 length of illness 病程 illness has been lasting for long duration 長(久病) illness has been lasting for short duration 短(新病) body type體質:weak必虛弱strong必粗壯 energy精神low and depressed萎靡excited興奮 Voice and breath聲息:low voice and weak breath 聲低息微strong voiceand strong breath 聲高息粗 pain:疼痛:likes being pressed喜按does not like being pressed拒按 fullness in chest and abdomen胸腹脹滿: not painful when pressed. Fullness comes and goes. 按之不痛，脹滿時減 painful when pressed. Fullness does not subside. 按之疼痛，脹滿不減 temperature發熱: chest, palms and soles are uncomfortably warm. Feverish in the afternoon. 五心煩熱，午後微熱 hot body 蒸蒸壯熱 chill 惡寒 chill sensation subsides when the body is covered or in a warm environment 得衣近火則解 chill sensation does not subside when the body is covered or in a warm environment 添衣加被不減 tongue phenomenon舌象: tongue has tender look. No fur or little fur. 質嫩，苔少或無苔 tongue has aged look and fur is thick and has an oily look. 質老，苔厚膩 pulse phenomenon脈象:weak無力strong有力 Zang Fu Diagnostics 臟腑辨證: (to be loaded) Heart and Small Intestine Channels Diagnostics 心與小腸病辨證 syndromes 證候 Similarity 相同點 differences 不同點 heart qi deficient 心氣虛 palpitation, heaviness in chest area and short of breath, especially after physical activities, and instant sweating. 心悸怔忡，胸悶氣短，活動後加重，自汗 pale complexion, pale tongue with white fur, weak pulse 面色淡白，舌淡苔白，脈虛 heart yang deficient 心陽虛 cold limbs and dislikes coldness, angina pectoris, pale and dark complexion, fat and pale tongue with white and slippery fur, small and thin pulse. 畏寒肢冷，心痛，面色晃白或晦暗，舌淡胖苔白滑，脈微細 heart yang abruptly dropping 心陽暴脫 sudden cold sweat, cold limbs, weak breathing, pale and green complexion, blue lips, dizzy or faint, bluish tongue, small and thin pulse as if expiring. 突然冷汗淋漓，四肢厥冷，呼吸微弱，面色蒼白，口唇青紫，神志模糊或昏迷。舌質淡紫青滑，脈微細欲絕。 biao xu (external deficient) 表虚//blood deficient 血虛 // blood stasis 血淤// damp-heat 濕熱//damp phlegm and qi stagnation 痰 濕 氣 滯// feng han (wind cold syndrome) 風寒癥狀//feng re (wind heat syndrome) 風熱癥狀// gan qi yu jie 肝氣鬱結//gan shen yin xu (liver-kidney yin deficient) 肝腎陰虚// gu zheng lao re 骨蒸勞熱//liver qi stagnation 肝氣鬱結// liver-kidney yin deficient 肝腎陰虚//liver yang ascending 肝 陽 上亢// liver and spleen inharmony 肝脾失和// Damp phlegm with qi and blood stasis 痰濕氣滞血瘀// pixu (spleen deficient) 脾虛 //qizi (stagnation) 氣滯// qixu (qi deficient) 氣虛//san jiao (triple burner / three warmer) 三 焦 shenxu (kidney deficient) 腎虛//shenyangxu (kidney yang deficient)腎陽虛// shenyinxu (kidney yin deficient) 腎陰虛//wind cold syndrome (feng han) 風寒癥狀// xinqixu (heart qi deficient) 心氣虛//xinyangxu (heart yang deficient) 心陽虛// xu huo, Deficient Fire 虛火//xue re (heat in blood) 血熱// xue xu (blood deficient) 血虛//xue yu (blood stasis) 血淤// yangxu (yang deficient)陽虛//yinxu (yin deficient) 陰虛// ======================================================== Samples of Classical Chinese Herb Formulae [By JoeHingKwokChy—Thank You!] Click on the links for explanations. an zhong san 安中散//ba wei shun qi wan 八 味 順 氣 丸//ba zhen tang 八珍湯//ba zheng san 八正散//bai dai wan 白帶 丸//bai hu tang 白虎湯//bai zhu shao yao san 白朮芍藥散// ban xia bai zhu tian ma tang 半夏白朮天麻湯//ban xia xie xin tang 半夏瀉心湯//bie jia jian wan 鱉甲煎丸//bu jin wan 補金丸//bu shen gu chi wan 補 腎固齒丸//bu yang huan wu tang 補 陽 還 五 湯//bu zhong yi qi tang, 補中益氣湯//chai hu gui zhi tang 柴胡桂枝湯//chai hu gui zhi gan jiang tang 柴胡桂枝乾薑湯//chai hu jia long gu mu li tang柴 胡加龍骨牡蠣湯//chai hu shu gan tang 柴胡疏肝湯//cheng_shang_san cheng 澄傷散//chong shen wan 重參丸// cui ru tang 催乳湯//da chai hu tang 大柴 胡湯//da cheng qi tang 大 承氣湯//da huang zhe chong wan 大 黃 蟅 蟲 丸//dan fan san 蛋礬 散//dian dao san 顛倒散//dan zhi xiao yao san 丹梔逍遙散//dang gui hong hua yin 當歸紅花飲//dang gui jian zhong tang 當歸 健中湯,// 　 dang gui liu huang tang 當歸六黃湯//dang gui nian tong tang 當歸拈痛湯//dang gui shao yao san 當歸芍藥散//dang gui si ni tang 當歸四逆湯//dao chi san 導赤 散// di fu zi fang 地膚子方//di yu wan 地 榆 丸//ding chuan tang 定喘湯//ding he wan 定鶴丸// ding xiang shi di tang 丁香 柿蒂 湯//du huo ji sheng tang 獨活寄生湯// e jiao ji yin tang 阿膠 濟陰湯//e jiao huang lian tang 阿膠黃連湯//e jiao huang qin tang 阿膠黃芩湯//er chen tang 二陳湯//er xian tang 二 仙 湯//er wei xiao feng san 二味消風散// fetus pacifying porridge 安 胎 鯉 魚 粥//gan mai da zao tang 甘麥大棗湯//ge gen tang 葛 根 湯//gu shen an tai yin 固腎安胎飲//gui pi tang 歸脾湯//gui shen wan 歸腎丸//gui zhi fu ling wan 桂枝茯苓丸//gui zhi shao yao zhi mu tang 桂枝芍藥知母湯//gui zhi tang 桂枝湯// he rong san jian wan 和榮散堅丸//hong hua san 紅花散//huang lian e jiao tang 黃連阿膠湯// huang lian jie du tang 黃連解毒湯//huang qi gui zhi wu wu tang 黃耆桂枝五物湯//huang qi jian zhong tang 黃耆建中湯//ji sheng shen qi wan 濟生腎氣丸//jia wei gui pi tang 加味歸脾湯// jiao ai tang, 膠艾湯//jiao san xian 焦三仙//jin gui shen qi wan 金 櫃腎氣丸//jiu nao tang 救腦湯//Kong sheng zheng zhong dan 孔聖枕中丹//li zhong tang 理中湯//Li Dong Yuan qing feng san, 李東垣清風散//ling gui zhu gan tang 苓桂朮甘湯//liu yi san 六一散//liu jun zi tang 六君子湯//liu shen wan 六神丸//liu wei di huang wan 六味地黃丸//long dan xie gan tang 龍膽瀉肝湯//long dan xie gan wan 龍膽瀉肝丸//lu jiao jiao porridge 鹿角膠粥// ma huang tang 麻黃湯//ma huang fu zi xi xin tang 麻黃附子細辛湯//ma xing yin gan tang 麻杏薏甘湯//niu huang jie du pian 牛 黃解毒片//niu che shen qi wan 牛車腎氣丸// pai luan fang 排卵方//pai nong fang 排膿方//pai nong san 排膿散//ping xiao san 平消散// pu ji xiao du yin 普濟消毒飲//qi ju di huang wan 杞菊地黃丸//qing huang san 青黃散方// qu yin yu xin dan 啟陰娛心丹//ren shen bai du san 人參敗毒散//ren shen yang rong tang 人 參 養榮湯//rong gui bai bu wan 茸桂百補丸//san bi tang 三 痹 湯 //San Zhong Kui Jian Tang 散腫 潰堅湯/san zi yang qing tang 三子養親湯//sang ju yin 桑菊飲//sang shen hei fa wan 桑椹黑 髮丸//sang xing tang 桑杏湯//shao fu zhu yu tang 少腹逐瘀湯//shao yao gan cao tang 芍 藥甘 草湯//shen gui bai bu wan 參桂百補丸//shen ling bai zhu san 參苓白朮 散//shen lou san 參樓散,//shen zhu wan 參朮丸//sheng hua tang 生化湯//sheng jiang san 生降 散// sheng ma ge gen tang 生麻葛根湯//sheng mai san 生 脈 散//sheng tie luo yin 生鐵落飲// sheng yang chu shi fang feng tang 生陽除濕防風湯//shi tan san 十炭 散//shi quan da bu tang 十全大補湯//shu jing huo xue tang 舒經活血湯//si jun zi tang 四君子湯//si ni tang 四逆湯/ si shen wan 四神丸//si wu tang 四物湯,//si jun zi tang 四君子湯//si wu tang 四物湯,// si wu xiao yao tang 四物逍 遙湯//suan zao ren tang 酸棗仁湯//tao he cheng qi tang 桃核承氣湯//tao hong si wu tang 桃紅四物湯//tian ma gou teng yin 天麻鉤藤飲//tian ma wan 天麻 丸//tian wang bu xin dan 天王補心丹//tong ru dan 通乳丹//tu ji san 禿 雞散//tuo_hua_jian 脫花煎//wan dai fang 完帶方//wen jing tang 温經湯//wu ji bai feng wan 烏雞白鳳丸//wu ling san 五苓 散//wu wei yi gong san 五味異功散//wu zhu yu tang 吳茱萸湯//wu zi yan zong wan 五子衍宗丸//xiao chai hu tang 小柴胡湯//xiao jian zhong tang 小健中湯//xiao jin dan 小金丹// xiao luo wan 消瘰 丸//xiao yao san 逍遙散//xiao xu ming tang 小續命湯//xiao Yao Wan, 逍遙丸//xing su san 杏蘇 散//xuan fu hua dai zhe shi tang 旋 覆花代赭 石湯//xue fu zhu yu tang 血府逐瘀 湯//yang xin tang 養心湯//yi huang san tang 易黃散湯//yi yi fu zi bai jiang san 薏苡附子敗醬 散//yi yi ren tang 薏苡仁湯//yi zi tang 已字湯 //yin chen hao tang 茵陳蒿湯// yin hua jie du dan 銀花 解毒散///yin qiao san 銀翹散you gui wan 右歸丸//yu nu jian 玉女煎// yu Ping Feng San, 玉屏風散//yu xin dan 娛心丹//yue ju wan 越鞠丸//ze xie tang 澤瀉湯// zhen wu tang 真武湯//zhi bai di huang wan 知柏地黃丸//zhi gan cao tang 炙甘草湯// zhi shi da huang tang 枳實大黃 湯//zhi shi shao yan san 枳實芍藥散//zuo gui wan 左歸 丸// Commercial (non-classical) formulae: 1. Po Chai Pills 保濟丸 2. skin fungus lotion 擦癬藥水 =========================================== Side Effects Of Some Herbs, Caution in Dosage and Combination. (For Latin botanical names and in Chinese characters, click on the the individual herbs). ai ye=艾葉=use caution in case of yin deficiency or heat in blood. The effective ingredient is the volatile oil and it is the toxic ingredient which can cause inflammation of the skin mucus. When taken orally can cause irritation of the of the digestive tract. After absolving, it can arrive at the liver and can obstruct the metabolism of the liver and can cause jaundice type of hepatitis. Its effect toward the central nervous system is prominent. In toxic reaction, the central nervous system becomes over active and can induce seizure. Because of the changes of the reflex of the nerves, it can damage the walls of blood vessels and causes hyperemia (increase of blood flow to the part of body) of the uterus and causes bleeding. Toxic range is 20 ~ 30 g if taken orally. bai bu=百部= low toxicity if eaten; may cause vomiting, diarrhea, excitement, delirium, and coma. da hui xiang=大茴香=Dizziness, vomiting, speech impairment, pale complexion, eye balls rolling back intermittently, spasm in limbs, neck arching backward symptoms of digestive systems and of the nervous system. ginseng,=(ren shen)=人参= Headache, insomnia, anxious, itchiness, hiccups, blood pressure going up, pale, purple lips, spasm in the limbs, rapid breathing, heart exhaustion and even death huang qin 黄芩=may cause bleeding, contains blood thinning ingredients li lu 藜 蘆= Irritation of the mucus of the mouth, the nose and the eyes. Over dose my cause respiratory arrest. ma bo馬 勃=Allergic reaction: dizziness, throat feels swollen and obstructed, heaviness in chest, itchiness and rash. ma qian zi=馬錢子=Toxic reaction: mild reactions include mild spasm in the limbs, drunken feeling, frighten. Nervous system symptoms include face, jaw, & back muscle spasm, opisthotonus, blue lips. Circulation system symptoms: : palpitation, blue lips, short of breath and heart failure. ma sang=馬桑=Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, salivating, whole body numbnes, slow heart rate , increase of blood pressure and rate of breathing, reflexes become stronger, spasm. If it is serious, the breathing become slower and may result in coma. guan mu tong =關木 通=The toxic variety is called guan mu tong. 95% of mu tong sold in China today, is toxic.Acute kidney exhaustion: lack of urine, protein or blood in urine, hypertension, nausea, lack of appetite and itchiness. Drop in platelet count, bleeding, & anemic. Do not exceed established dosage of 3 to 6 g per day. qing u xiang=青木 香=Allergic reaction: mild abdominal pain, itchiness, tightness in chest area, and diarrhea. qian nian jian=千年健=Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, whole body spasm, foaming in the mouth, coma, opisthotonus. san qi 三 七= (tian qi) 田七=Face and eyes becomes red and swollen. Numbness in the limbs, dizziness, heaviness in the chest, palpitation, sweating, nausea, arrhythmia shan ci gu= 山慈姑=Frequent vomiting, intensive pain in the abdomen, diarrhea, bleeding of the digestive tract, dehydration, acidosis, shock, anxious, coma, lack of urine. It might cause death in serious cases shan dou gen=山豆根=Affects central nervous system and vegetation nervous system: headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach ache, sweating, dropping of blood pressure, difficulty in breathing, anxious, delirium, spasm, coma, and death caused by breathing exhaustion tian ma 天 麻=Allergic reaction: rash, or local or whole body swelling, nose bleeding, dry skin, and dizziness. tian nan xing=天南星=Eating raw tian nan xing causes serious damage of mucus area, swollen tongue, numbness in mouth and tongue, and speech and memory impairment wu jia pi=五加皮=wu jia pi wine are often made with "northern wu jia pi" which is toxic. Toxic reaction: blindness, numbness in limbs, dizziness and headache wu wei zi =五味子i=Toxic in stomach area: burning sensation in solar plexus area, lack of appetite. Allergic reaction: exanthema type of rash and itchiness. Toxic to the kidneys: large dosages or long term usage is toxic to the ======================================= 中葯之君臣佐使 中葯之君臣佐使（北京中醫大學中醫學士.美蔘生技蔡志文經理） 中葯一首方劑組成，首先必須依據辨証論治的需要，選定恰當的葯物，其中最重要的是明確君，臣，佐，使的不同地位及其相互配伍關係。何謂君臣佐使？＜素問．至真要大論＞說：主病之謂君，佐君之謂臣，應臣之謂使。分而言之，所謂君葯就是針對主病或主証起到主要治療作用的葯物，其葯力居方中之首，用量最大，在一個方劑中，君葯是首要的不可或缺的葯物。臣葯有二種意義，一是輔助君葯加強治療主病或主証的葯物。二是針對兼病或兼証起治療作用的葯物，它的葯力小於君葯。 佐葯也有三種意義，一是佐助葯，即協助君臣葯加強治療作用，或直接治療次要的兼証。二是佐制葯，即用以消除或減緩君臣葯的毐性與烈性。三是反佐葯，即是根據病情需要，用與君葯性味相反而又能在治療中起相成作用的葯物。使葯有二種意義，一是引經葯，即能引方中諸葯以達病所的葯物。二是調和葯，即具有調和諸葯作用的葯物。使葯的葯力較小，用量亦輕。如上所述，除君葯外，臣佐使都具有二種以上涵義，在每一首方劑中不一定每種意義的臣佐使葯具備，也不一定每味葯只任一職。如病情比較單純者，用一二味葯即可奏效，或君臣無毒烈性，便不需加佐葯。主病葯物能直達病所時，也可不必加引經的使葯。 總之，每一方劑葯味的多少，以及君臣佐使是否齊備，全視病情與治法的需要。現以麻黃湯為例分析如下: 君麻黃_發汗散寒，宣肺平喘。臣桂枝_助麻黃解表，調和營衛。佐杏仁_宣利肺氣，配合麻黃宣肺散邪。使甘草_調和諸葯，並可延緩葯力，以防麻桂發汗太過。 Formulae of Traditional Chinese Medicine In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), herbal therapies are generally formula based and single herbs are rarely used. TCM holds that every medicinal substance has its strengths and its shortcomings, and each ingredient in the formula should be carefully balanced in quality and quantity, in order to accentuate its efficacy while reducing side effects.The herbs are not simply added in a cumulative fashion but combined according to particular principles. Firstly, through a unique diagnostic process, physicians discern the subtle patterns according to the symptoms of the individual, which then guides them to determine therapeutic and to design or select proper formulae. Take influenza as an example: 1.Present symptoms: chill, fever, headache, generalized aching, panting and no sweating; thin and whitish coating on the tongue; floating and tense pulse.. 2. TCM disharmony pattern: exterior syndrome due to exogenous wind-cold. 3.Therapeutic strategies: exterior syndrome is relieved by diaphoretic therapy (promotes perspiration) and the wind-cold invasion can be removed by pungent and warm herbs. 4.Matched classical formula: Ephedra Decoction (Ma Huang Tang) that consists of ephedra, cinnamon twigs, bitter apricot kernel and liquorice root. As TCM physicians always focus on disharmony pattern, combination of herbs should address these presentations exactly. Since a TCM formula contains multiple interactive ingredients, it is customarily to rank the compositions in four groups when analyzing the role they play in the formula. Monarch: The ingredient that exerts the major and leading effects in a formula. Generally, monarch drugs should constitute the largest proportion of a formula; a competent formula usually only contains one to two principal herbs so that the therapeutic effects can be focused. Minister: Also known as the associate ingredient usually refers to two different functions. One is to support the monarch drug to exert major actions on the body, and the second is to improve and treat the accompanying symptoms or coexisting disharmony pattern. In comparison with the monarch drug, the minister drug usually has a weaker action. Assistant: The ingredients can play one of the following three roles in a formula. One is to reinforce the effects of the monarch or minister drug or to treat the less important coexisting patterns. The second role is to eliminate the toxicity of the monarch and minister ingredients, or modulate their harsh properties, and the third is to provide paradoxical assistance. Guide: These have two different functions. One is to force the actions of the formula on the target meridian or area of the body; and the second is to harmonize and integrate the effects on other drugs. With reference to the Ephedra Decoction mentioned above, we can see how the ingredients interact with each other. In the formula, ephedra serves as the monarch herb for dispelling the pathogens on the exterior and relieving most of the symptoms. Cinnamon twigs aids ephedra in inducing sweating and expelling the pathogens on the exterior, and thus has a minister role. Bitter apricot kernel helps the ephedra in enhancing the lung so as to ease panting, a less important condition and thus is considered an assistant herb. Liquorice root modulates the harsh properties of ephedra and cinnamon twigs and also acts in the assistant role. Since the first three herbs are all work similarly, it is not necessary to use a guiding herb in the formula. In addition, due to the complexity of individual conditions, the dose, the preparation method and even additional herbal components will frequently be modified. This part of skills needs extensive training and actual clinical experience.After centuries of practice, scholars perfected various formulae for some typical disharmony patterns, and today, these classic formulae have become the basis for modern day usage. Many of them are so popular that they have been manufactured as patent remedies and are available in health stores. Appropriate formula prescriptions based on accurate differential diagnosis can only be made by qualified TCM physicians. It is important to consult a qualified TCM physician to help you select the most appropriate formula Commercial (non-classical) formulae: Po Chai Pills 保濟丸 skin fungus lotion 擦癬藥水 TITLE:Some of Herbs That are Toxic The following is a warning on toxicity of certain herbs. It is not a complete list. The maximum dosages listed are just the opinion of the editor. It should not be interpreted as the absolute amount. The weight is in metric measurement of grams. (Note: many of the listings are much less than a gram). Some patients are more sensitive to certain herbs and some have more tolerance for some other herbs. For example, bai guo ( ginkgo biloba) is very toxic to young children. Small children of few years old have died from taking just less than ten pieces of bai guo seeds (ginkgo biloba). Adults seldom are affected by the toxicity of bai guo but it does not mean it will not happen. The author has known of cases where three or four people have consumed a porridge containing a 15 ounce can of bai guo (ginkgo seeds) without ill effect. Cooking can hydrolyze the cyanide in bai guo but the toxin in bai guo (ginkgo) is found in the substance called "bai guo neutral substance" which is absorbed by the intestines and affects the central nervous system. The list of herbs is included here for reference in your professional practice . Traditionally, in China, the acceptable practice is that the herb doctors prescribe the formulae and the patients keep the copies and buy the herb at the herb stores of their choice. This practice prevents conflict of interest and it shows that you, the practitioner, can stand up for your prescription. If patients keep copies of the prescribed formulae, it is easier to keep track of the herbs being used. To see the Latin botanical names go to the herb dictionary, and select the the letter of the herb in pinyin to open the file. Some herbs might not be in the dictionary. If you cannot find it, you can email the the research librarian here. The Japanese and Korean pronunciations are not included in the table because it is easier for the Japanese and Korean practitioners to read the Chinese characters (or kanji) and more accurately than reading the Roman alphabet's pronunciations which sometime might create misunderstanding. A separate table of Korean and Japanese pronunciations will be provided separately for the westerners for research purposes only. Although pinyin is the official Chinese Romanized pronunciation of Chinese characters, to avoid misunderstanding, Chinese characters should be used when prescribing herbs. ================== Some of Herbs That are Toxic The following is a warning on toxicity of certain herbs. It is not a complete list. The maximum dosages listed are just the opinion of the editor. It should not be interpreted as the absolute amount. The weight is in metric measurement of grams. (Note: many of the listings are much less than a gram). Some patients are more sensitive to certain herbs and some have more tolerance for some other herbs. For example, bai guo ( ginkgo biloba) is very toxic to young children. Small children of few years old have died from taking just less than ten pieces of bai guo seeds (ginkgo biloba). Adults seldom are affected by the toxicity of bai guo but it does not mean it will not happen. The author has known of cases where three or four people have consumed a porridge containing a 15 ounce can of bai guo (ginkgo seeds) without ill effect. Cooking can hydrolyze the cyanide in bai guo but the toxin in bai guo (ginkgo) is found in the substance called "bai guo neutral substance" which is absorbed by the intestines and affects the central nervous system. The list of herbs is included here for reference in your professional practice . Traditionally, in China, the acceptable practice is that the herb doctors prescribe the formulae and the patients keep the copies and buy the herb at the herb stores of their choice. This practice prevents conflict of interest and it shows that you, the practitioner, can stand up for your prescription. If patients keep copies of the prescribed formulae, it is easier to keep track of the herbs being used. To see the Latin botanical names go to the herb dictionary, and select the the letter of the herb in pinyin to open the file. Some herbs might not be in the dictionary. If you cannot find it, you can email the the research librarian here. The Japanese and Korean pronunciations are not included in the table because it is easier for the Japanese and Korean practitioners to read the Chinese characters (or kanji) and more accurately than reading the Roman alphabet's pronunciations which sometime might create misunderstanding. A separate table of Korean and Japanese pronunciations will be provided separately for the westerners for research purposes only. Although pinyin is the official Chinese Romanized pronunciation of Chinese characters, to avoid misunderstanding, Chinese characters should be used when prescribing herbs. ai di cha=矮地茶=Ardisia japonica Bl./// ba dou=巴豆=Croton tiglium L=.0.15～0.3 g/// ba jiao feng=八角楓=Alangium chinense (Lour.) Rehder=3–9g, some toxicity/// bai guo=白 果=Gingko biloba, L.=6–9g, some toxicity/// bai hua cai zi=白花菜子=3–6g, some toxicity/// bai qu cai=白屈菜 (大白屈菜)=Chelidonium majus=9–18g, some toxicity/// bai tou weng=白 頭 翁=Anemone chinensis, Benze Pulsatila nuttalliana, Spreng.Pulsatila daurica, Spreng./// bi ma zi=萆 麻 子=Ricinus communis, L.=external use, toxic/// bi shi=砒 石=Arsenolite,=do not exceed 0.1g/// bi xiang=砒 霜=Arsenic trioxide, As2O3=0.003~0.015g/// bu gu zhi=補 骨 脂=Psoralea corylifolia L./// cang er zi=蒼 耳 子=Xanthium strumarium L /// cao wu=草烏=Aconitum carmichaeli Debx/// chan su=蟾 酥=Bufo bufo asiaticus Steina Chner./// chang chun hua=長春花=Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don=9–15g, some toxicity/// chang shan=常 山=Dichroa febrifuga Lour=4.5–9g, some toxicity// chuan lian zi=川 楝 子=Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc.=4.5–12g, some toxicity// chuan xiong=川 芎=Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.; L. wallichii Franch./// da bai qu cai=大白屈菜 (白屈菜)=Chelidonium majusda feng zi/// 大 楓 子=Hydnocarpus alpina, Wright.0.3–1g, toxic/// da qing ye=大青葉=Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Brem.,Isatis tinctoria L. or Isatis indigotica Fort/// ding xiang=丁香=Syzygium aromaticum（L.）Merr. et Perry= Eugenia aromatica Baillon; Caryophyllus aromatica L.; Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. ding gong teng=丁公藤=Erycibe laevigata Wall.=3–6g, some toxicity/// fang ji=防 己=guang fang ji (guang dong mu fang ji): aristolochia fangchi, Wu (the toxic type) Do not use guang /// gan sui=甘 遂=Euphorbia kansui T./// gou wen=鉤 吻 = 大茶葉=Gelsemium elegans Benth.=external use (careful) , very toxic/// gua di=瓜 蒂=Cucumis melo L. (stems)=0.6－1.5 g/// guan mu tong=關木 =Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis; Aristolochia debilis=Do not use./// guan zhong=貫眾=Cyrtomium fortunei=4.5–9g, toxic/// guang ci gu=光 慈姑=Tulipa edulis Baker=3–9g, some toxicity/// guang fang ji=廣防己= aristolochia fangchi, Wu=Do not use./// gui jiu=鬼臼= Podophyllum emodi Wall, var. chinensis Sprague= in decoction: 3 to 10 grams/// hai ma=海馬=1. Hippocampus kelloggi Jordanet Snvder 克氏海馬 2. Hippocampus histrix aup刺海馬 3. Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 大海馬 4. Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach班海馬 5. Hippocampus japonicus Kaup 日本海馬/// he shi=鶴 虱=Carpesium abrotanoides, L=3–9g, some toxicity/// hong fan=紅 礬=1. Na2Cr2O7（ 重鉻酸鈉、紅礬鈉）2. K2Cr2O7 （重鉻酸鉀 紅礬鉀）/// hua jia=花椒=Zanthoxylum bungeanun Maxin.=2–5g, some toxicity/// ji xing zi=急性子=Impatiens balsamina L.=4–12g, some toxicity/// jia zhu tao=夾竹桃=Nerium odorum, Solaud.Nerium incidum, Mill/// jin yin gen=金櫻根=Rosa laevigata Michx./// ku lian pi=苦楝皮=Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc=.4.5–9g, some toxicity/// ku shen=苦参=Sophora flavescens. Ait.=10 to 20 g; concentrated extract: 0.5 to 2 g./// la mei gen=梅根=Meratia praecox Rehd. et Wils/// lang du=狼 毒=Euphorbia fischeriana=0.9–1.5g. Toxic/// lei gong teng=in decoction: 3 to 10 g/// nao yang hua=鬧羊花=Rhododendri Mollis=0.3–0.6g, some toxicity/// nong ji li=農吉利=Crotalaria sessiliflora Linn=9–15g, some toxicity qian dan=鉛 丹=Pb304 (chemical formula of red lead)/// qian li guang=千里光=Senecio scandens Buch. –Ham/// qian niu zi=牽牛子=Pharbitis nil, Choisy.=3–9g, (in powder form: 1.5–3g) toxic/// qing fen=輕 粉=Mercurous chloride;Mercury monochloride;Mercury subchloride/// shan ci gu=山 慈菇=Cremastra variabilis (Bl.)Nakai; or Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe=3 to 6 g she du=蛇毒=ba dou (raw)/// 生巴豆=Croton tiglium L. - unprocessed herb=0.1–0.3g (raw ba dou)/// sheng bai fu zi=生 白附子=Typhonium giganteum Engl.L. - unprocessed herb=3g some toxicity/// sheng ban xia (raw)=生半 夏=Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit L. - unprocessed herb=1.5–3g, some toxicity/// sheng da ji (raw)==生大 戟=Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr.; or Knoxiavalerianoides Thorel ex Pitard L. - (unprocessed herb)=1.5–3g. Toxic/// sheng fu zi (raw)=生附 子=Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. L. - unprocessed herb=3 g. Toxic/// sheng gan sui (raw)=生甘遂=Euphorbia sieboldiana M. et. D. (raw)=0.5–1.2g. Toxic/// sheng gong=升 汞=mercury sulfide (HgS)/// ma qian zi. (raw)=生馬前子=Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.=0.3–.06 g. Very toxic/// sheng shang lu (raw)=生商陸=Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.=var. esculenta.﹔var. Kaempferi.﹔var. esculenta. (unprocessed herb=1.5–3g/// sheng teng huang=生籐黃=Garcinia cambogia L. (unprocessed herb)=0.03–0.06g, very toxic/// sheng wu tou (raw)=生烏頭=Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. L. - (unprocessed herb)=Used as tea: 4.5g.= Used as dried powder: 1.5g.Very toxic/// sheng yuan hua=生芫 花=Daphne genkwa, Sieb. et. Zucc. (unprocessed herb)=1.5–3g. Toxic/// shi jun zi=使 君子=Quisqualis indica, L./// shi liu pi=石 榴皮=Punica granatum. L. (skin)=0.5–9g, toxic/// tian gua di=甜瓜蒂=Cucumis melo L. (stem of fruit)=0.6–1.5 g. Toxic/// tian hua fen=天花粉=Trichosanthes kirilowii, Maxim, or Trichosanthes japonica, Regel.=9 - 15 g/// tu bei mu=土貝母=Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet/// tu jin jie=土荆芥=Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn．/// tu niu xi=土牛膝=Achyranthes aspera L./// wan nian qing=萬年青=Rhodea japonica Roth.=3–5g. some toxicity=wang jiang nan zi/// 望 江南子=Cassia occidentalis L.// wei ling xian==威靈仙=Clematis chinensis Osbeck, C hexapetala Pall., or C. uhcinata Champ.=6 - 12 g// wu gong=蜈 蚣=Scolopendra subspinipes Leach/// xi shu=喜 樹=Camptotheca acuminate=fruit: 3–9g. bark or root: 9–15g, toxicity/// xi xin=細 辛=Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schumidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag=0.4 to 4 g/// xian mao=仙 茅=Curculigo orchioides Gaertn=3–9g, some toxicity/// xiang si zi=相 思子=Abrus precatorius L=2.4–4.5g, some toxicity/// xing ren=杏仁=Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim.; P. armeniaca L.=3–9g, some toxicity/// xiong huang=雄黃=( Realgar)=0.15 g to 0.6 g in pills or powders/// xu sui zi==續隨子=Euphorbia lathyris, L.=0.5–2g , toxic=other names﹕ qian jin zi, lian bu. After de–oiled it is called qian xiang./// xue lian=雪蓮=Saussurea involucrata=0.6–1.5g, some toxicity/// xue shang yi zhi hao=雪 上一枝蒿=Aconitum anthora, L.=0.02g, very toxic/// yu dan=鱼 膽=(fish gall bladder)/// ya dan zi=鴉膽子=Brucea javanica (L.) Merri.=0.5–2g, some toxicity/// yang jin hua=洋 金 花=Datura metel L.==0.3–0.6g, very toxic/// yi mu cao,=益母草=Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet=9 ~ 30 g=/// ying su ke (mi ke)////[By Joe Hing Kwok Chu] ============================================ TITLE:TCM Basic Fundamental Knowledge And Reference To Meridians Zhan-Fu中醫 Basic Vocabulary/Terminology/References In TCM usage: Sorted by English Name A-shi point // Abnormal pulse reading //Acupoint injection //Acupoint //Anorexia //Apoplexy //Arm Jue Yin Pericardium Meridian //Arm Shao Yang Triple Burner Meridian //Arm Shao Yin Heart Meridian //Arm Tai Yang Small Intestine Meridian //Arm Tai Yin Lung Meridian //Arm Yang Ming Large Intestine Meridian //Arrival of qi //Assistant herbs //Astringency //Asthenia-syndrome of superficies //Bi syndrome // Bladder //Blood //Body constitutions//Bone atrophy syndrome//Bone flaccidity syndrome //Carbuncle //Channel bi syndrome //Chest oppression //Chinese qi-gong// Chinese therapeutic food// Cold evils //Cold pain //Collapse of yang///Collapse of yin //Conception Vessel Meridian //Consumptive disease //Cun, guan, chi //Cupping //Damp-heat //Dampness evil //Dan tian //Decoction //Deficiency type gasp //Delirium// Diagnostic methods //Dietetic restraint //Diarrhea //Disharmony pattern / diagnostic pattern / syndrome //Dryness evil //Dual modulation //Eight-length brocade exercise //Eight therapies //Embryo //Endogenous cold syndrome //Endogenous dampness syndrome// Endogenous dryness syndrome //Endogenous heat syndrome //Endogenous wind syndrome //Entering a quiet state //Enuresis //Essence, Jing, kidney essence, essential qi //Exogenous evils //External six evils //Fire and heat evils //Five elements theory //Five movements and six influences //Five zang organs //Fluid //Flush channel //Four energies & five flavors //Genuine qi //Gall bladder //Governor Vessel Meridian //Guide herbs //Half exterior-half interior type //Healthy energy //eart //Heart disharmony //Heart energy //Hectic fever //Holistic approach //Hysteria //Impotence //Inspection //Internal damages caused by seven emotions //Jaundice //idney //Kidney disharmony// Kidney yin & kidney yang //Kidneys dominate anterior and posterior orifices //Kidneys manifest in the hair //idneys open into the ears //Kidneys rule the bones //Kidneys rule the grasping of qi// Kidneys rule water //Kidneys store essence (jing) //Large intestine //Leg Jue Yin Liver Meridian //Leg Shao Yang Gall Bladder Meridian //Leg Shao Yin Kidney Meridian //Leg Tai Yang Bladder Meridian //Leg Tai Yin Spleen Meridian //Leg Yang Ming Stomach Meridian //Leukorrhagia //Lifting, lowering, floating & sinking //Listening & smelling //Liver //Liver disharmony //Locations of pain //Lung //Lung disharmony //Massage therapy //Meridian //Metrorrhagia //Minister herbs //Monarch fire //Monarch herbs //Moxibustion //Muscular striae //Nature of pain //Night sweating //Normal pulse reading //Numbness of limbs //Nutrient essence //Obesity //Organs //Orifices //Otopuncture therapy// Over-heated stomach //verstrain //Palpation //Palpitation //Pathogen //Pericardium// Pestilential evil //Phlegm //rime minister fire //rimordial energy// Primordial yin //rotective qi rurigo//Pulse study//Qi//Qi-gong reactions //Questioning //history taking// Rectum prolapse //Reducing method //Retention of the needle //Reverse flow of qi //Scraping therapy //Sea of marrow //Seminal emission / spermatorrhea //Seven modes of emotions //Shanghan //Shortness of breath //Simultaneous exterior and interior type //Six fu organs// Small intestine //Special pathological conditions //Spirit / mind //Spleen //Spleen disharmony //Spontaneous sweating//Stirring fetus //Striae //Stomach //Stool //Supprative and ulcerous diseases //Syndrome differentiation// Syndrome differentiation according to defense, vital energy, nutrient & blood// Syndrome differentiation according to the eight principles //Syndrome differentiation according to the organs (zang fu) //Syndrome differentiation according to the six meridians //Syndromes differentiation according to the twelve regular meridians ///Syndromes of deficiency type / asthenia syndromes //Syndromes of excess type / sthenia syndromes //syndromes of exterior type //yndromes of interior type //aijichuan //CM chronology è ///Ten Questions Song è //enesmusè// hree kinds of pathogenic factors ///ian gui //Tonificationè //ongue signsè // riple burner //rine //aporization// irtual fire //ital gate //Vitiligo //eifen syndrome //enbing //ind evil //ind-dampness evil //omen specialty //ang deficiency //ng qi //ang vacuity with internal cold //in deficiency //in fluid //in vacuity leading to internal heat //ingfen syndrome //Yin & Yang // Sorted by Chinese Name a shi xue 阿是穴//ba duan jin 八段錦//ba fa 八法//ba gang bian zheng 八綱辨証//ba huo guan 拔火罐//bai dian feng 白癜風//ban biao ban li 半表半裏//beng lou 崩漏 //bi zheng 痹証//bian zheng 辨証///biao li tong bing 表裏同病///biao xu 表虛//biao zheng 表証//bing mai xiang 病脈象//bing xie 病邪//bu fa 補法//chao re 潮熱//chen yao 臣藥//chong mai 衝脈//chuang yang 瘡瘍//cou li 腠理//cu zhong 卒中 //cun, guan, chi 寸關尺//da bian 大便///da chang 大腸//da shi nian biao 大事年表//dai xia 帶下//dan tian 丹田//dan 膽//dao han 盜汗// de qi 得氣//du mai 督脈 //er zhen liao fa 耳針療法//fei bing 肺病//fei pang 肥胖//fei 肺//feng shi 風濕//feng xie 風邪 //fu ke 婦科//gan bing 肝病//gan 肝//gu se/ shou lian 固澀/收斂//gu suo bing 骨縮病//gu wei 骨痿//gua sha 刮痧//han xie 寒邪 //huang dan 黃疸//huo xie/ re xie 火或熱邪 //ji cou 肌腠//ji kou 忌口//jian yao 煎藥 //jin ye 津液 //jing luo bian zheng 經絡辨証 //jing luo 經絡 //jing/shen jing 精，腎精//jiu fa 灸法 //jun huo 君火//jun yao 君藥//lao shang 勞傷//leng tong 冷痛//li ji hou zhong 裏急後重//li qi 癘氣//li zheng 裏証//liu fu 六腑 //liu jing bian zheng 六經辨証 //liu zhen 留針//mai bi 脈痹//mai zhen 脈診//ming men 命門//na dai 納呆 //nei feng 內風//nei han 內寒// nei re 內熱 //nei shang qi qing 內傷七情 //nei shi 內濕//nei zao 內燥// pang guang 膀胱 //pi bing 脾病 //pi 脾 //ping mai / chang mai 平脈 / 常脈//qi duan 氣短//qi gong fan ying 氣功反應 //qi hua 氣化//qi qing 七情//qi yi 氣逆//qi 氣 //qie zhen 切診 //qing qiao 清竅//ren mai 任脈 //ru jing 入靜//san jiao 三焦 //san yin 三因 //shang han 傷寒//she xiang 舌象 //shen bing 腎病//shen cang jing 腎藏精 //shen hua zai fa 腎華在髮//shen kai qiao yu er yin 腎開竅于二陰//shen kai qiao yu er 腎開竅于耳 //shen yin shen yang 腎陰腎陽//shen zhu gu 腎主骨 //shen zhu na qi 腎主納氣 //shen zhu shui 腎主水//shen 神 //shen 腎//sheng jiang fu chen 升降浮沉// shi re 濕熱//shi wen ge 十問歌//shi xie 濕邪 //shi yao 使藥 //shi zheng 實証 //shou jue yin xin bao jing 手厥陰心包經// shou shao yangsan jiao jing 手少陽三焦經//shou shao yin xin jing 手少陰心經//shou tai yang xiao chang jing 手太陽小腸經//shou tai yin fei jing 手太陰肺經// shou yang ming da chang jing 手陽明大腸經//shuang xiang tiao jie 雙向調節 //shui gu jing wei 水谷精微//si qi wu wei 四氣五味 //si zhi ma mu 四肢麻木//sui hai 髓海//tai dong bu an 胎動不安//tai ji chuan 太極拳//tai yuan 胎元 //tan 痰//te shu bing li 特殊病理 //teng tong bu wei 疼痛部位 //teng tong xing zhi 疼痛性質//ti zhi 體質//tian gui 天癸 //tui na 推拿//tuo gang 脫肛//wai gan liu yin 外感六淫//wai xie 外邪 //wang yang zheng 亡陽証 //wang yin zheng 亡陰証//wang zhen 望診 //wei fen zheng 衛分証//wei qi ying xue bian zheng 衛氣營血辨証 //wei qi 衛氣// wei re 胃熱//wei 胃 //wen zhen 問診 //wen zhen 聞診 //wenbing 溫病 //wu xing xue shuo 五行學說//wu yun liu qi 五運六氣 //wu zang 五臟 //xiang huo 相火// xiao bian 小便//xiao chang 小腸//xie fa 瀉法//xie xie 泄瀉// xin bao luo 心包絡 //xin bing 心病 //xin fan 心煩 //xin ji / zheng chong 心悸及怔忡 //xin qi 心氣//xin 心 //xu chuan 虛喘 //xu lao 虛勞//xu re / xu huo 虛熱或虛火 //xu zheng 虛証//xue feng chuang 血風瘡 //xue wei zhu she liao fa 穴位注射療法//xue 血// yang qi 陽氣//yang wei 陽痿// yang xu er han 陽虛而寒//yang xu 陽虛 //yi jing 遺精//yi niao 遺尿 //yin xu huo wang 陰虛火旺 //yin xu 陰虛 //yin yang 陰陽 //yin ye 陰液 //ying fen zheng 營分証 //yong 癰 //yu xue 腧穴//yuan qi 元氣 //zang fu bian zheng 臟腑辨証//zang fu 臟腑 //zang zao 臟躁//zao xie 燥邪 //zhan yu 譫語//zhen fa 診法//zhen qi 真氣//zhen yin 真陰 //zheng hou 証候 //zheng qi 正氣//zheng ti guan nian 整體觀念 //zhong guo qi gong 中國氣功//zhong yi shi liao 中醫食療 //zi han 自汗 //zu jue yin gan jing 足厥陰肝經 //zu shao yang dan jing 足少陽膽經//zu shao yin shen jing 足少陰腎經// zu tai yang pang guang jing 足太陽膀胱經 //zu tai yin pi jing 足太陰脾經 //zu yang ming wei jing 足陽明胃經// zuo yao 佐藥 / Nearly half the US populations turns to complementary, alternative and integrative practices to maintain or improve their health. Beverly Burns of UCSF's Osher Center for Integrative Medicine explores traditional Chinese medicine including acupuncture, meridians and chi. Series: "UCSF Mini Medical School for the Public" [12/2007] [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 13073

Inspection中醫四診:望

Inspection中醫 四診望 Inspection is a method to examine the patient by observation of the expression, appearance, color, and abnormal changes of secretion and excretion, etc. 1. Observation of the Mind This is to observe the patient's spirit, clearness of consciousness, coordination and vigor of movements, and keenness of response in order to judge the excess or deficiency of yin, yang, qi, and blood in the zang-fu organs and make a prognosis of the disease condition. Strength of Spirit: The patient is in good spirits, the body resistance and functions of the zang-fu organs are normal, therefore the patient has a good prognosis. Generally speaking, the patient is in good spirits, behaves normally with a sparkle in the eye, and has a keen response. Loss of Spirit: The patient is spiritless, indifferent in expression, has dull eyes and a sluggish response, or may even be unconscious or have a mental disturbance. This shows damage to the body resistance, a severe disease condition, and a poor prognosis. 2. Observation of the Complexion Observe the color and luster of the facial region. Generally, a lustrous complexion with normal color indicates ample qi and blood, and a mild disease with a good prognosis. If the complexion is deep in color and withered, this indicates a serious disease condition with damage to the qi and essence, and a difficult treatment with poor prognosis. White Color: A white color is the sign of a qi and blood deficiency. A pale complexion indicates a yin excess with yang deficiency. A qi deficiency manifests a lusterless and pale complexion and is accompanied by swelling. A pale emaciated face indicates a blood deficiency. A sudden pale complexion with cold sweat is the sign of sudden prostration of yang qi due to febrile diseases caused by exogenous pathogenic wind-cold. Yellowish Color: a yellowish color is the sign of spleen deficiency and damp accumulation. A complexion that is yellowish, withered and lusterless indicates a qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach. A yellowish, flabby complexion is the sign of damp accumulation due to spleen dysfunction of transportation and transformation. The yellow color of the face, eyes, and skin indicates jaundice. In traditional Chinese medicine a bright orange yellow is diagnosed as yang jaundice caused by pathogenic damp-heat; dark yellow in yin jaundice due to pathogenic cold-damp. Red Color: Redness indicates excessively full blood vessels due to excessive heat. A red complexion is mostly due to the fever of a common cold, or may be a heat syndrome due to excessive yang in the zang-fu organs. Malar flush with bright red color indicates xu heat syndromes due to yin deficiency and yang preponderance. Bluish Color: Bluish color indicates syndromes of cold, pain, and blood stasis or convulsion, and is the manifestation of qi and blood obstruction in the channels. Pathogenic cold causes stagnation of qi and blood leading to pain. Children's high fever also shows a bluish complexion, the symptoms of acute convulsion. Black Color: Black color indicates kidney deficiency, humor accumulation, and blood stasis. This is the manifestation of excessive cold and water, or stagnation of qi and blood. If the complexion is as black as bronze, it is mostly due to an extreme weakness of kidney yang and cold accumulation manifesting as xu-cold syndromes. A dark dray color around the eyes denotes phlegm-humor syndrome due to kidney deficiency. This leads to a dysfunction of the water metabolism or leukorrhea, due to the downward flowing of kidney essence. A dark gray malar can be seen in patients with frequent urination due to kidney deficiency. A dark gray complexion indicates prolonged stagnation of blood such as a consumptive disease with blood deficiency accompanied by menoplania or amenia. 3. Observation of the Tongue [舌苔] The tongue is the mirror of the body. Harmony and disharmony are reflected in the tongue’s color, moisture, size, coating and the location of abnormalities. Healthy Organ Systems and a lack of External Pernicious Influences produce a healthy tongue, which is pinkish red, neither dry nor too wet, fits perfectly within the mouth, moves freely and has a thin white coating. Imbalances in the Organ Systems and/or invasion by Pernicious Influences produce an unhealthy tongue. External Pernicious Influences produce changes in the tongue coating. Interior problems, such as Organ System or Essential Substance disharmonies, produce changes in the tongue body. When examining the tongue, the Chinese medicine doctor looks at the color of the tongue body, its size and shape, the color and thickness of its coating or fur, locations of abnormalities, and moistness or dryness of the tongue body and fur. These signs reveal not only overall states of health but correlate to specific organ functions and disharmonies, especially in the digestive system. To evaluate the tongue accurately, always do the examination in natural light. Tongue Body: The tongue body is a fleshy mass and has color, texture, and shape independent from the apparent qualities of the tongue coating. A pale tongue body indicates deficient Xue, Qi, or Yang or Excess Cold. An overly red tongue body indicates Excess Heat. A purple tongue indicates that Qi and/or Xue are not moving harmoniously and are stagnant. Pale purple means the Stagnation is related to Cold. Reddish purple is related to Stagnation of Heat. When the tongue is black or gray, it indicates extreme Stagnation; if black and dry, that indicates extreme Heat Stagnation; if black and wet, that indicates extreme Cold Stagnation. Bright red indicates Deficient Yin or Excess Heat. Dark red indicates Excess Heat. Cracks in a red tongue indicate Deficient Yin or Heat Injuring the Fluids. If the tongue is pale and cracked, there is Deficient Qi or Xue. Thorny eruptions of the buds on the tongue alert the doctor to Heat or Stagnant Xue. Tongue FurThe tongue’s coating is best described as moss or fur. It arises when the Spleen causes tiny amounts of impure substances to drift upward to the tongue. When the Spleen and stomach are in balance, there is a uniform density of fur, with a slightly thicker area in the center of the tongue. Thick fur indicates excess. Thin fur is related to deficiency during illness, but is normal if you are well. Fur that is wet indicates Excess Jin-Ye (fluids) and/or a Deficient Yang. Dry fur is a sign of Excess Yang or Deficient Jin-Ye. A greasy fur is a sign of mucus or dampness in the body. If the fur looks peeled off or missing, it reveals Deficient Spleen or Yin or fluids. White, moist fur indicates Cold. Yellow fur means Heat. However, white fur, resembling cottage cheese, points to heat in the Stomach. Gray/black fur with a red body is associated with extreme Heat; gray/black fur with a pale body is a sign of extreme Cold. Size and Shape: The healthy tongue rests comfortably in the mouth. It is neither too small nor too large. If a tongue is enlarged and flabby, it indicates Deficient Qi. If, in addition to being enlarged and flabby, the tongue has scalloped (or tooth marked) edges, then it indicates dampness due to Deficient Qi or stagnation of fluids. If the tongue is enlarged and hard, it is a sign of Excess. If it swells so that it fills the mouth and is deep red, that means Excess Heat in Heart and Spleen are a problem. A small, thin tongue can indicate Deficient Yin or Xue. Movement A trembling, pale tongue indicates Deficient Qi. A flaccid tongue that is pale often reveals extreme Qi or Xue Deficiency. A flaccid tongue that is deep red reveals severe Yin Deficiency. A trembling, red tongue indicates interior Wind. If the tongue sits off-center in the mouth, early or full-blown Wind stroke may be present. A rigid tongue accompanies an Exterior Pernicious Influence and fever. This may indicate the invasion of the Pericardium by Heat and Mucus Obstructing the Heart Qi. Location of Abnormalities: The location of disturbances on the tongue is vivid indications of where disharmonies in the mind/body/spirit are located. Certain organs are associated with the Upper, Middle and Lower Triple Burner, which are in turn associated with the front, middle and back sections of the tongue. For example, if there are red spots on the front third of the tongue, which is associated with the Upper Burner, this indicates that there is Heat in the Lungs. If the tip of the tongue is red, that indicates Heat in the Heart. Menstrual cramps, when associated with Stagnant Xue, are often accompanied by purple spots on the edges of the tongue in the Liver/Gallbladder area. The Role of Tongue Diagnosis: Not all tongue irregularities are indications of disharmony, however. Food and drugs may change the coating or color of the body of the tongue. For example, coffee yellows the coating and Pepto-Bismol turns the tongue black. Furthermore, some people have minor, unchanging cracks on their tongue, which are considered normal. Others are born with what is called a geographic tongue, which is covered with severe cracks and covered with hills and valleys. This is considered normal by some practitioners, but a sign of congenital disharmony by others. The way a tongue appears is not an absolute indicator of the location of the disharmony, but when taken as part of an overall pattern that includes a complete evaluation, it offers strong clues to the location of disharmony Tongue Proper. Tongue inspection is objectively reliable but beware of food dye! Pale Tongue: Indicates xu and cold syndromes or symptoms due to yang qi deficiency and insufficiency of qi and blood. Red Tongue: Indicates heat syndromes, mostly shi types of disease caused by interior heat, or symptoms of fire preponderance due to yin deficiency. Deep Red Tongue: Denotes the excessive heat seen in febrile disease due to invasion of exogenous pathogenic heat which as been transmitted from the exterior to the interior of the body. It also can be seen in miscellaneous diseases due to a preponderance of fire caused by yin deficiency, or seen in diseases of accumulated fire in the liver channel. Purplish Tongue: Shows the syndrome of blood stagnation. A tongue with purplish spots or petechiae also indicates blood stagnation. Tongue Appearance Flabby Tongue: A flabby tongue body with teeth marks on the margin and pale in color indicates a yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney leading to accumulation and obstruction of phlegm-dampness. A flabby tongue with a deep red color indicates excessive pathogenic heat attacking the heart and spleen. Thin and Small Tongue: This indicates consumption and deficiency of blood and yin. A thin and small tongue with a pale color denotes deficiency of both qi and blood. A thin dry tongue with a deep red color is mainly due to a preponderance of fire and great exhaustion of body fluids. Rigid Tongue: Seen in febrile diseases due to the invasion of exogenous pathogenic heat transmitted into the pericardium or due to an obstruction of pathogenic phlegm. It may also be seen in high fever leading to consumption of body fluids and preponderance of pathogenic heat. It is a prodrome of wind-stroke (cerebral stroke). Deviated Tongue: This is a prodrome of wind-stroke. Cracked Tongue: Cracks on the tongue with deep red color indicate excessive heat. A cracked pale tongue indicates insufficiency of yin and blood. However, a cracked tongueof long term duration without any other symptoms can be considered normal. Tongue Coating In the first place, the properties of tongue coating should be examined. Thinness and Thickness: Generally, if substantial pathogenic factors such as damp, phlegm or food accumulation occur and cause obstruction, they further affect the spleen and stomach leading to the ascent of turbid qi and forming of a thick tongue coating. A white thin tongue coating is formed if nonsubstantial pathogenic factors such as wind, heat, dryness, or cold attack the body; or if the pathogenic factors stay on the body surface; or if body resistance is weak during the disease development. Moistness and Dryness: The normal tongue coating is moist, which indicates that plenty of body fluid is flowing upward. If the tongue coating is dry, it is due to body fluids failing to moisten the tongue. A dry tongue coating may also be present in some febrile diseases where pathogenic heat consumes the body fluid. A slippery tongue coating may be due to pathogenic damp-humor floating over the tongue surface. Sticky and Curdled Tongue Coating: A sticky coating is due to hyperactivity of endogenous pathogenic phlegm and damp rising to the tongue, and is mostly seen in diseases caused by pathogenic damp-heat or phlegm-humor. A curdled tongue coating is the outcome of food accumulation in the stomach leading to the ascent of turbid qi to the tongue surface. It is also seen in disease caused by phlegm-damp. Peeled Tongue Coating: Mostly due to deficiency of qi and yin. If peeled tongue is accompanied by a sticky coating, it indicates a complicated disease condition to which the body resistance is weakened. No Tongue Coating: Changes in the tongue coating indicate fluctuation in the disease condition. For example, if a qi deficiency of the stomach is manifested by no tongue coating at an early stage, the tongue coating will reappear after the stomach qi is recovered. If a disease has no tongue coating, then suddenly appears, this indicates a perversive flow of stomach qi, or excessive pathogenic heat. If a disease has a tongue coating at the beginning which disappears abruptly, this indicates stomach yin fluid has decreased. If a thick coating gradually turns into a thin white coating, this indicates that pathogenic qi is being gradually weakened, and the disease condition is becoming milder. Generally, an observation of the thinness and thickness of the tongue coating will indicate the depth of pathogenic qi. The tongue's moistness or dryness shows the body fluid condition. The degree of curdling and stickiness of the tongue coating indicates the dampness of the stomach and spleen. The appearance or disappearance of tongue coating signified the cure or worsening of the disease condition. Color of Tongue Coating White Coating: Indicates exterior-cold syndromes. A white and thin coating is seen mostly in exterior syndromes, while a white and thick coating appears in interior-cold syndromes. If there is a powder-like whitish coating covering the tongue surface, it is caused by the internal accumulation of summer-humid heat and is usually seen at the onset of pestilential diseases. Yellow Coating: Indicates interior and heat syndromes. A light yellow tongue coating is seen in cases of slight fever. A deep yellow color indicates high fever. Brownish tongue coatings represent an accumulation of pathogenic heat. Grayish Coating: Denotes interior-heat syndrome or interior-cold syndrome. A grayish black and slippery coating on the tongue usually indicates symptom-complex due to cold-damp in the interior. A grayish, yellow, and sticky tongue coating usually indicates the accumulation of damp-heat. Grayish and dry tongue coatings are usually due to the consumption of body fluid by excessive heat. Black Coating: This is often seen at the serious and dangerous stage of disease, and indicates extreme heat or cold. A black, yellow, and dry coating with thorns on the tongue surface usually denotes consumption of body fluid by extreme heat. A black and slippery tongue coating shows excessive cold due to yang deficiency. Commonly seen tongue signs Pale tongue, tender, slightly larger than normal Thin, white Qi deficiency Pale, tongue normal in size or slightly shrunken Slightly dry, thin, white Blood deficiency Pale, and enlarged and tender, teeth impression on the sides Damp and moist with much fluid, white and thick Yang depletion causing internal collection of cold-dampness Pale Thin, white, peeled center Insufficient stomach yin Pale Yellow, slimy Weakness of spleen and stomach Pale red Thin, white, moist Normal or invasion by wind-cold evils. Pale red Red tip with white fur Flaming up of heart fire Red, rough Yellow Retention of heat Red, prickles Thick, yellow, dry Extreme heat in the interior Red Dry in center of the tongue Heat scorching the stomach fluids Red Yellow and slimy Dampness and heat in the qi (vital energy) aspect Red Thick, yellow and glossy Dampness and heat distending and stagnating in the spleen and stomach Red Little or no fur Yin deficiency causing virtual fire, deficiency in qi (vital energy) and yin Deep red (crimson), prickles Thick, yellow Heat evil entering the blood Deep red Dry with cracked fur Heat evil burning yin Deep red Black fur Extreme retention of heat Deep red, shrunken Dry, little or no fur Long term yin deficiency. Deep red. Yellow and slimy. Internal heat acompanied with phlegm and dampness accumulation Dark red Bruised spots or patches Blood stasis with heat Pale purple, tender, Glossy damp, moist,Internal cold flourishing. Purple, with bruised spots or patches white. Internal accumulation of blood stasis. Blue-green and purple Yellow and dry Extreme exhaustion of yin and blood, internal exuberance of virtual fire Green-blue White and glossy Serious cold syndrome

舌苔辩病法 TCM Tongue Diagnosis.

從舌苔看健康 舌苔主要是舌頭的絲狀乳頭，因其上扁平細胞有角化，外觀呈乳白色，故一般正常舌頭均具微薄白苔。 如果絲狀乳頭增殖而且角質增多時，乳白色增多，即為「白苔」；如果絲狀乳頭增殖且過度角化及少脫落，顏色偏黃，即為「黃苔」。 中醫認為身體有了疾病，都會在舌苔上表現出來，一般「舌苔白」表示疾病較輕，或疾病在表層淺處，如感冒。 「舌苔黃」則表示疾病屬熱性，或病邪已入身體裡處，如肺炎、熱性胃炎；「舌苔黑」指疾病已延續相當時間。 舌苔除顏色分辨外，「舌苔薄」顯示疾病剛開始，「舌苔厚」顯示病情日增。一般說來，舌苔由黃轉白，由厚轉薄，是指疾病在好轉。 另外，舌苔還要辨別是否具根蒂性。所謂「有根蒂性」，是指舌苔不易刮除，即便刮除後，舌面還是粗糙有如漿糊一層，這就是表示人體的元氣尚充足，足夠聯繫舌苔和舌體。 至於「無根蒂性」，就是舌苔很容易刮除，而見光滑潔淨的舌苔的舌體表面，這就表示人的元氣已有衰竭，無法有力的聯繫舌苔和舌體兩方。這種舌苔的根蒂性，是在判定體內元氣的充足或衰竭。 其他如苔呈乾、燥是屬熱多，苔呈滑、潤是屬寒、濕、痰多，則是除顏色外亦應列入的考慮因素。 同時，絲狀乳頭晚上持續生長，早上一般舌苔較厚，吃流質飲食，因食品和舌苔減少摩擦，舌苔會較厚。 喝牛奶後舌苔白；吃花生、瓜子因脂肪而使舌苔呈黃白色；大量長期服用抗生素，或類固醇（美國仙丹），舌苔易變厚且呈黑褐色，在舌診上都該注意到。 定义 　　舌苔是正常人的舌背上有一层薄白而润的苔状物，叫舌苔。由脱落的角化上皮。唾液、细菌、食物碎屑及渗出的白血细胞等组成。在正常情况下，由于咀嚼和吞咽动作，以及唾液、饮食的冲洗，经常不断地清除掉舌表面的物质，仅表现为薄白的一层舌苔。当患病时，进食少或只进软食，使咀嚼和舌的动作减少，或唾液分泌减少，舌苔就变厚。正常人的舌苔，一般是薄而均匀地平铺在舌面，在舌面中部、根部稍厚。因舌苔由胃气所生，而五脏六腑皆禀气于胃，因此，舌苔的变化可反映脏腑的寒热虚实、病邪的性质和病位的深浅。舌苔的望诊包括望苔色、望苔质两部分。 　　苔色　 　　即舌苔的颜色，病态的苔色主要有白苔、黄苔、灰黑苔。有时也可发生绿苔(多由白苔转化而来,常见于温疫、湿温,为湿热郁熏之征)、霉酱苔（红中发黑、又兼黄色的舌苔，常见于夹食中暑或内热久郁，主湿热病日久者）。 　　苔质　 　　即舌苔的形质，分为：①苔的有无。正常舌有一层薄白苔，由胃气而生。在疾病过程中，舌苔从有到无，是胃气阴不足、正气渐衰的表现；但舌苔剥落之后,复生有薄白苔，则是邪退正生,胃气渐复的表现。②苔的厚薄。透过舌苔能隐隐见到舌质的为薄苔，不能见到舌质为厚苔。舌苔的厚薄可测定正邪盛衰和病情的深浅轻重。薄苔主外感表证，亦主内伤气郁。厚苔主痰饮、湿邪、积滞。舌苔由薄变厚，病邪自表入里，邪盛病进；舌苔由厚变薄，为病邪自里达表，正胜病退。③舌苔的润燥可了解津液的变化。若舌面润泽，干湿适中为正常舌象，虽有病而津液未伤；若扪之湿而滑利，则称滑苔，多主寒主湿，或阳虚水饮内停。若舌面望之干枯，用手扪之无津液，则为燥苔，多由热盛伤津、阴液亏耗，或气不化津所致。④舌苔的腐腻。⑤舌苔的偏全。舌苔在舌面分布的变化。舌苔布满全舌称为全。舌苔偏布于舌面的前、后、左、右某一局部，称为偏。察舌苔分布的偏全，可判断病变的所在。全苔为邪气散漫，多为湿痰阻滞中焦之征；舌苔偏见于舌的一侧，为邪在半表半里，或病在肝胆；苔中根厚腻，多为痰饮或胃肠积滞等。⑥舌苔的剥落。⑦舌苔的消长。舌苔薄厚、多少的变化，也是正邪进退的反映。舌苔由少变多、由薄复厚,一般说明邪气加重,主病进；舌苔由厚变薄、由多变少，说明正气渐复，主病退。若舌苔骤增骤退，多为病情暴变的征象。⑧舌苔的真假。辨舌苔的真假，可判断疾病的轻重和预后。舌苔真假的判断以有根无根为标准。凡舌苔紧贴舌面，不易刮去，似从舌体上长出来的,即真苔又称有根苔。若苔不着实,如浮涂在舌面，刮之即去，即假苔又称为无根苔。在疾病的初期、中期，有根苔比无根苔为深重，疾病后期有根苔比无根苔为佳。若舌面上浮一层厚苔，望似无根，而其下部生出一层新苔，属疾病趋愈的征象。在辨别假苔时需注意三个方面：第一，清晨舌苔满布，饮食后苔即退去，虽属假苔，并非无根；若退后苔少或无苔，则是里虚。第二，有苔有色，刮之即去，病轻浅；若揩之即去，病更轻浅。第三，厚苔一片而无根，其下不能续生新苔，是原有胃气，其后胃气虚乏，不能蒸化胃液上潮。多因过服寒凉药损伤阳气，或过服热药损伤阴液所致。 舌苔表现 　　(1)白苔：一般表示为表证、寒证。舌苔薄白而润为正常人的舌苔，同时，苔薄白亦是表示病在体表而未入里。舌苔薄白而过于润滑，多见于表寒证。苔薄白而干燥，为表热证或感受燥邪。舌苔白厚而干燥，代表湿浊化热伤津。舌苔布满白苔，摸之不干燥，称为“粉白苔”，表示得瘟疫病。苔白且干燥，称为“糙裂苔”，多见于温热病。舌淡苔白而滑润，代表寒证或寒湿证。舌苔白滑而粘腻，见于体内有痰湿或湿困于脾。舌苔白滑而腐，为胃腑蕴热。如果苔白如雪花片而质干枯者，称为“雪花苔”，表示脾冷。舌及满口生衣，出现霉苔或生糜烂点，为胃气衰败，脏气将绝之危候。 　　(2)黄苔：黄苔主里热证。苔薄黄厚而干燥，则里热盛，津液受损。苔黄干燥生刺，舌有裂纹，为里热极盛，津液大伤，脏腑大热。舌苔黄厚而腻，多为痰热、食积或湿热内蕴。舌苔黄滑而润，为阳虚表现。 　　(3)灰苔：主里证。苔灰薄而润滑，多为寒湿内阻，或痰饮内停。苔灰而干燥，为热病或阴虚火旺。 　　(4)黑苔：黑苔大多由黄苔或灰苔转化而成，表明了病情极其严重。苔黑而干燥，为热盛津亏。舌尖苔黑而干燥，为心火盛。苔黑而润滑，为阳虚阴寒极盛。 　　最后讲述望苔质的知识。望苔质即望舌苔的形状质感。主要观察苔的厚薄、润燥、腐腻、剥落、有根无根及偏全等情况。 　　(1)厚、薄苔： 　　苔质的厚薄，以见底和不见底为标准。透过苔质能见到舌体，称之薄苔，否则为厚苔。舌苔薄，病情一般较轻；舌苔厚，表明病情较为严重。在疾病发展过程中，舌苔由薄变厚，表明病邪入里，病情由轻变重；若舌苔由厚变薄，表明病邪外透，病情好转。 　　(2)润、燥苔： 　　舌苔润滑多津液，为津液未损伤，称为润苔。舌苔干燥缺少津液，称为燥苔。舌苔干燥而色黄者，为胃热炽盛，损伤津液。舌苔干燥而色黑，为热极阴伤。若舌苔干燥色黑而且有刺，则属热极津液枯竭。 　　(3)腐、腻苔： 　　苔质颗粒细小致密，中厚边薄，刮之易去者，称为腻苔。苔质颗粉较大，疏松而厚，形状似豆腐渣堆积于舌面，刮之易去者，称为腐苔。腻苔常见于湿浊、痰饮、食积、湿温等。腐苔为食积肠胃、痰浊内蕴及溃疡之证。舌苔白腻，多为湿痰，或胃阳虚。舌苔黄腻，多为痰热，食滞化热。舌苔厚腐，多为饮食停积胃肠。舌苔布满白衣，称为口糜，表明胃气衰败。 　　(4)剥落苔： 　　舌上原本有苔，若局部或全部消失者，称为剥落苔。如果苔全部脱落，表明胃阴枯竭，大伤胃气。若舌苔剥落不全，剥落处光滑无苔，称为花剥苔，表明胃的气阴两伤。如果舌苔剥落处不光滑，有类似新生颗粒，称为类剥苔，表明病人血气不连续。若舌苔大部分脱落，仅留下一小块，称之鸡心舌，则为胃气阴亏损之证。另外，舌苔从有到无，为胃的气阴不足，正气渐衰；如果舌苔从无而逐渐变薄白苔，表明病情好转。 　　(5)有根、无根苔： 　　舌苔紧贴舌面，刮之不去，称为有根苔。若舌苔好似涂在舌面上，刮之易落，称之无根苔。有根苔表明病人有胃气，常见于实证、热证；无根苔表明胃气已衰，见于虚证、寒证。如果有根兼薄苔，属于正常苔，表明正气未伤；若无根苔薄或厚，刮之即去，不再生成新苔，表明正气衰败。 　　(6)全、偏苔： 　　舌苔布满整个舌，称全苔。舌苔仅布于舌的某一部分，称偏苔。全苔代表湿痰阻中之证。如果仅是舌尖部分有苔，是病邪入里却未深入，但胃气却受伤。若舌尖部分无苔，而其余地方有苔，代表肠胃有积滞或有痰饮。舌苔偏于左侧或右侧，表明病邪半表半里，亦可有肝胆湿热；舌中央无苔、舌边缘厚苔而中央薄苔，为阴虚、胃气损伤或血虚之证。 舌苔辩病法 　　黑苔病情辨别法 　　黑苔的出现往往表示病情较重，或者是抗生素过度使用，也可能是口腔卫生不良引起。可以用黄连１０克煎汁涂在黑苔上，一日多次，如黑苔变短变软，颜色变淡或消失，则说明这种黑苔是口腔卫生不良所造成。否则应找出病因。 　　舌苔菱形剥落辨病法 　　在舌面中央出现一块菱形剥落区，很可能有糖尿病存在。此刻如同时存在多食善饥、口渴、消瘦等症状则更应引起重视。 　　草莓舌辨病法 　　患者出现舌面乳头增大、红肿，样子像红色的草莓即称作草莓舌。此刻如伴见高热及皮肤生出猩红色密集细小疹点等症，很可能患上了猩红热病。-----------得了这吃饭就是受罪 　　花剥舌苔辨病法 　　花剥舌苔又称地图舌苔，它表现为部分舌苔剥脱露出红色舌质。小儿出现该苔往往是体质不佳的表现，这类儿童常常有过敏体质，容易患哮喘、奶癣等过敏疾病。小儿偏食、不爱吃新鲜蔬菜者，或者营养不良、贫癣肠有寄生虫及经常感冒者也易见到剥苔。成年人见到该苔则是阴虚血亏的表现；舌前端见花剥为心阴不足；舌根部见花剥为肝肾阴虚。 　　舌底静脉辨病法 　　上卷舌尖可见两根静脉行于舌底，正常人仅隐隐显于舌下。如果其直径超过２．７毫米，其长度超过舌尖与舌系带终点连线的五分之三即为病态，有时还可同时见到舌边青紫斑或众多小血管丛。它反映全身血液或某器官血液有瘀阻现象。在血液检验上常可存在血球压积、血粘度等指标异常。 观舌苔变化可查胃病 　　中医看病讲究望闻问切，更是看重舌苔的改变。透过舌象的观察来了解和认识疾病的本质和发展。胃病的治疗也是，舌苔变化确实能反应一些脾胃病的规律。 　　胃病患者如果仔细留意自己的舌苔，常会发现一些与众不同之处：有的特别厚腻、有的发黑、有的发黄、有的剥落。一个人长期舌苔不正常，旁人也会好意提醒：去看看有没有胃病吧!事实上，舌苔变化确实能反映疾病尤其是一些脾胃病的规律。 　　如何观察和分析舌象： 　　伸舌也有学问伸舌时要自然，舌体放松，舌面平展，舌尖略向下，口尽量张大(但不要过分用力)，使舌体充分暴露。如伸舌过分用力，或舌体紧张、蜷曲、都会影响舌的气血运行而引起舌色改变或舌干湿度的改变。 　　望舌要有顺序望舌一般先看舌尖，再看舌中、舌侧，最后看舌根部，同时看舌体(舌质)的色质和舌苔的厚薄、颜色等。 　　观察两个重点舌诊主要观察舌体和舌苔两个方面的变化。舌体---呈什么颜色?形状是胖是瘦?质地是荣是枯?活动是否灵活自如?舌苔---苔质是厚是薄，是润是燥?苔色是白是黄还是棕褐? 　　正常舌象特征正常舌象可概括为六个字："淡红舌薄白苔"，具体地说，舌色淡红鲜明，舌质滋润，舌体大小适中，柔软灵活，舌苔均匀、薄白而润。 　　舌象变化规律一般来说舌苔由薄变厚为病进，由厚变薄为病退。 　　胃病患者的常见舌象为： 　　薄白苔---病初起，病轻浅，胃气未伤; 　　舌苔由薄变厚，颜色由白渐有点黄色，舌边舌尖由淡红变红，而且舌边有齿印---病情加重，提示消化不良、胃肠积滞有宿食等; 　　舌苔由白变黄，舌边尖红---有热象; 　　舌苔由黄变棕，或者由棕变黑，而且干燥少津，舌边尖变深红---热盛，多伴大便干结; 　　舌苔白厚腻，舌表面有一层白黏液---痰湿; 　　舌苔黄厚腻，舌边尖红---痰热; 　　舌边尖红绛色，甚至变紫色---痰浊血淤; 　　舌红无苔，舌面光滑如镜---胃阴虚;舌苔光剥，舌质淡---气阴两虚。 　　根据以上不同的舌象表现，再结合闻、问、切等其他诊断手法，中医就可做出综合分析，进行个体化的辨证施治。 　　可以自己调养的异常舌象 　　舌苔厚、有口气一个人如果常年舌苔很厚，而且有口气，一般说明胃有点小问题。如果目前没有其他不舒服的感觉，可先从饮食起居调养入手。保持生活规律，情志舒畅愉快，吃容易消化的食物，多吃蔬菜、水果、少吃肥腻、油炸食物，最好不喝酒、不吸烟。经过一段时间的调养，异常舌苔和口气有望自愈。 　　舌苔发黑、黏腻如果仅见这种异常舌苔而舌边尖呈正常的淡红色，且无其他明显不适，有时属于"染色"现象。患者可能食用了某些着色食物，或服用了某些药物。比如服"丽珠得乐"，即可出现黑苔，而且大便亦发黑;服用抗生素，有时亦可出现黑苔。以上情况不属病态，不必紧张。但平时胃病较重的患者观察到黑苔就要警惕，如果舌边尖呈深红色，甚至发青发紫，说明病情加重，应及时到医院就诊。 　　舌苔花剥有的人舌面上的舌苔出现不规则的一块块"地图样"改变，有的地方有薄苔，有的地方光滑无苔，这叫"地图舌"。此类舌象者如无任何不适感觉，多属生理性改变，不需治疗。如果长期有胃病或其他慢性病，以前从未见这样的舌象，出现"地图舌"则多属阴虚表现，在治疗原发病的同时，可喝西洋参茶(每天9 克，沸水冲泡，频饮)促进自愈。 　　舌头有裂纹还有的人舌面上出现许多"裂纹"，多数无舌苔，称"裂纹舌"，如无不适感，亦属生理性的，不需治疗，如在重病后出现裂纹舌，舌红无苔，且有不适感，亦属阴虚，需配合药物治疗。 　　舌边有齿印有的人身躯肥大，舌体也胖大，舌边有齿印，舌苔薄白，如无明显不适，则属太胖的缘故。中医理论认为"胖人多痰湿"，胖人的脾胃运化功能相对不足，食物的消化吸收易出现障碍。这些人要少吃油腻不易消化的食物，多吃蔬菜、水果和清淡食物，适当运动。如果舌苔白厚腻，舌边有齿印，不欲饮食，腹胀满，便溏薄，则属痰湿过盛，在进清淡易消化食物的同时应配合药物治疗。 　　舌红、苔厚、便秘有的人几天不解大便，口臭、舌苔厚、舌边尖红、尿黄，此属胃火盛。胃中火热内盛，浊气上逆、熏蒸口舌，故出现口臭、舌苔发黄、热伤津液、肠道失润，故出现大便干结。此时可服用大黄、黄连、黄芩、山栀之类中药清热泻火，在饮食上需忌酒、忌食辛辣热性食物，如辣椒、羊肉等，多吃蔬菜、水果和清淡食物，多喝水。 . 　　萎缩性胃炎患者的舌象： 　　以下三位胃镜诊断同为"胃窦萎缩性胃炎"的患者，舌象表现完全不同，症状和中医诊断也不同，治疗原则和用药当然也各异，这就是中医辨证论治的特色所在。 　　舌象：舌苔薄白，舌质淡紫，舌尖瘀点 　　症状：上腹部隐痛反复发作，喜热怕冷，泛吐清水 　　诊断：脾胃虚寒 　　舌象：舌苔黄厚，舌根部灰黑，舌边尖暗红色 　　症状：上腹部疼痛，痛有定处，食后加重 　　诊断：胃中痰热夹瘀 　　舌象：舌苔薄白微黄，舌中、舌前部苔剥，舌红少津 　　症状：上腹部隐痛，不思饮食，口干舌燥诊断：胃阴不足' In Summary: 舌苔颜色辨病清晨起床对着镜子把舌伸出口外，观察自己的舌质、舌苔，经常能看到时黄、时厚、时白、时红……医生说，舌苔可以反映出人的内脏以及躯体疾病的信息，平时多多注意观其变，能起到早日防病治病的作用。 西医：舌苔若不是淡红色就有问题 舌质是舌的肌肉脉络组织，即舌体。舌苔则是舌面上附着的一层薄白的苔状物。正常的舌象应该是舌体柔软、活动自如、颜色淡红，舌面铺着一层薄薄的、颗粒均匀、干湿适中的白苔。 北京同仁医院付研医生介绍，有什么疾病将产生什么样的舌苔。如地图舌，舌面上出现黄色上皮细胞堆积而成的隆起部分，状如地图。其边缘不规则，存留时间不很长，可消退或再形成新的黄色隆起部分，也称为“移行性舌炎”，这是由于缺乏核黄素而引起的；牛肉舌，舌面无苔而呈绛红色，如生牛肉状，见于糙皮病（缺乏烟酸引起的营养不良症）患者；毛舌，舌苔呈黑色或黑褐色，带毛刺，又称黑毛舌，是由于舌面的丝状乳头缠绕了霉菌菌丝以及上皮细胞角化所造成的等。 中医：苔与脏连 中医观察舌苔，强调人的整体性和各脏器之间的关联性。北京武警三院王志明医生讲，若出现以下状况，最好及时就医———白苔，主要为外感等一些表证和寒征的苔色。黄苔，主要为发热、火旺等一些热征、里征的表现。一般情况下，黄苔的颜色越深，则邪热越重。灰、黑苔，也是热征的一种表现。若出现此苔，就预示疾病已到了严重阶段了。 中西医共同建议： 1.舌苔的分布、厚薄、颜色、舌体的厚薄、颜色，舌下静脉血管颜色、粗细，舌体黏液厚薄，以及流动性、口中味觉反应，以上都是必须考虑的，才能决定全身体质的偏向，来解决舌诊所反应的整体现象。舌苔厚腻的原因可以有许多种，最常见的并不是“上火”，患者最好不要妄下定论。 2.如果 健康人的确是由于一时的上火，可以适当降火。 Further reference:从舌头上来判断你的健康状况

The Theory of Channels and Collaterals

The theory of channels and collaterals is an important component of the theoretical system in traditional Chinese medicine. It covers the physiological functions and pathological changes of the channels and collaterals, their interrelations with the zang-fu organs, and is essential in guiding clinical practice, especially acupuncture treatment. The Formation and Functions of Channels and Collaterals 1. Channels and Collaterals System The system of channels and collaterals constitutes the twelve regular channels, the eight extra channels, the fifteen collaterals, the twelve divergent channels, the musculo-tendinous and cutaneous regions of the twelve regular channels. 2. Channels and Collaterals Functions (1) Physiologically, the channels and collaterals are considered to be a series of connecting passages through which qi and blood circulate to regulate the functions of the zang-fu organs, tissues, and sense organs. These passages also conduct the sensations and reactions (deqi) of acupuncture treatment. The five zang and six fu organs, four limbs, nine orifices, skin muscles, vessels, and tendons, although having their respective physiological functions, also maintain the harmonization and uniqueness of interior, exterior, upper, and lower parts of the body as a united and organic entity. This interconnection and organic combination relies upon the function of the channels and collaterals system. All the tissues and organs of the human body need the nourishment of qi and blood in order to keep their normal physiological activities. The distribution and circulation of qi and blood throughout the body to nourish the zang-fu, tissues, and organs and to resist exogenous pathological factors depends on the transportation and conduction of the channels and collaterals. As the Lingshu records: The channels and collaterals are the passages through which blood and qi flow to nourish yin and yang, to moisten tendons and bones, and to lubricate the joints. (2) Pathologically, channels and collaterals are the pathways through which the exogenous pathological factors are transmitted and their channels reflected. In the Suwen it is noted: When pathogenic factors invade the skin and the pores are open they enter the collaterals. When the collaterals become full, the pathogenic factors will move into the channels. When the channels are full, the pathogenic factors transmit to and reside in the zang and fu organs. The interior and exterior, upper and lower parts of the body form an integrated entity through the connecting network of channels and collaterals. So under pathological conditions every part of the body will affect the rest via the channels and collaterals. The channels and collaterals are not only the passages of disease transmission, but can also reflect pathological changes. Namely, the diseases of the zang-fu organs can be reflected on the body surface, especially in certain areas or at certain points, through the transmission of channels and collaterals. (3) In diagnosis, channels and collaterals have certain running courses that connect with the zang-fu organs. They also reflect pathological changes on the body surface. Therefore clinical diagnosis can be made according to symptoms that are related to those courses and their respective zang-fu organs. (4) In treatment, the theory of channels and collaterals is extensively used in clinical treatment for different branches of traditional Chinese medicine. Treatments using traditional medicinal herbs are based on their main actions vis-a-vis related zang-fu organs and channels. In the practice of acupuncture, the theory of channels and collaterals is the basis of all treatment and clinical practice. Point selection and prescription combinations are all made on this basis. By stimulating a certain point or area on the body surface the physiological functions of the channels and collaterals are aroused. This action is achieved by propagating sensation through the channels. Without this sensation it is hard to achieve a therapeutic effect. Meridian Flow Chart (The Daily Qi Current of the 12-hour Division) The Meridians have been classified into a division of two groups according to Yin and Yang, hand and foot, and as coupled pairs. We are going to classify the Meridians according to the traditional Chinese idea of the cycle of Qi within the Meridians. The Chinese determined that the energy flows from one meridian to the next in a continuous and fixed order. It flows from meridian to mcycle, making the complete circuit once a day. This cycle is known as the Horary cycle. As the Qi makes its way through the meridians, each meridian in turn, with its associated organ, has a two-hour period during which it is at maximum energy. The Horary Effect is recognizable by measurable increases of Qi within an organ system and meridian during its time of maximum energy. (Qi is, of course, present within every organ system all the time; its level simply fluctuates according to the Horary Cycle.) If a person moves from one time zone to another, the resultant "jet lag" is a result of the biological Horary clock adjusting to the new time frame. Moving East or West causes this phenomena, but moving due North or South has no effect on the internal clock. Just as each organ system has a waxing and waning two hour period of maximum energy on the Horary Cycle, there is also the minimum energy effect of the organ on the opposite, side of the cycle, 12 hours apart. An example of this is that while the Lungs have maximum energy from 3-5 AM, the Bladder on the opposite side of the table is at its minimum energy level, 3-5 PM. Qi begins entering the Lungs at 3 AM, and has reached its maximum concentration in the organ at 4 AM. By 5 AM it has done its tonification and repair work and is moving into the Large Intestine channel. Knowledge of this cycle and its energetic effects is necessary for highly effective acupuncture treatments, as the various organs respond either very well or very little to acupuncture depending on their energetic state at the time of treatment. The Horary Cycle is an excellent diagnostic tool and will be dealt with on the diagnostic level later in this course work. The flow of energy begins with the Meridian of the Lungs and completes its cycle with the Liver, to commence again at the Lungs, continuing the daily cycle throughout an individual's life span. The reason that the Chinese say that the flow begins with the Lungs, is that they consider the first independent function of a child at birth to be its first breath. Circulation of Energy Through the Primary Meridians The Classical Order of Meridians Arm Tai Yin Lung Meridian(3am - 5am) Arm Yang Ming Large Intestine Meridian(5am - 7am ) Leg Yang Ming Stomach Meridian (7am-9am) Leg Tai Yin Spleen Meridian(9am-11am) Arm Shao Yin Heart Meridian(11am-1pm) Arm Tai Yang Small Intestine Meridian(1pm-3pm) Leg Tai Yang Bladder Meridian(3pm-5pm) Leg Shao Yin Kidney Meridian(5pm-7pm) Arm Jue Yin Pericardium Meridian(7pm-9pm) Arm Shao Yang Triple Burner Meridian(9pm-11pm) Leg Shao Yang Gall Bladder Meridian(11pm-1am) Leg Jue Yin Liver Meridian(1am-3am) As shown in the above chart, qi is more prevalent in different meridians at different times. For example, from 3am to 5am, meridian qi mainly flows through the Lung Meridian and enters the Large Intestine Meridian at 5am-7am, and then the Stomach Meridian from 7am-9am. In this way, the meridian cycle is continuous as the qi flows through the body. Exterior-Interior relationship in the meridian Meridians are classified into yin meridians and yang meridians according to the yin or yang organs with which they are connected. TCM believes the interior belongs to yin and the exterior belongs to yang. Hence, yin organs are thought to have more internal functions and are called interior organs. The yang organs, on the other hand, are believed to have more external functions and are considered exterior organs. TCM analyzes the physiological function of the body based on the harmonious relationships between yin and yang organs. From these relationships, the interior and exterior relationship theory was developed. Related Subjects : The Twelve Regular ChannelsPathways, Conjunctures, Exterior-Interior Relationships and the Order of Qi Flow in the ChannelsEight Extra ChannelsThe Fifteen CollateralsThe Twelve Divergent ChannelsThe Twelve Musculotendinous Regions of the Regular Channels eridian in a two-hour. The Twelve Cutaneous Regions of the Regular ChannelsAcupuncture

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